 | |
 Hungary |  Ukraine |
|---|---|
The modern bilateral relationship betweenHungary andUkraine formally began in the early 1990s, after theend of communism in Hungary in 1989 andUkrainian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[1] Since then, the relationship has been marred by controversy over the rights of theHungarian minority in thewestern Ukrainian region ofZakarpattia, where 150,000 ethnic Hungarians reside.[2] Hungary and Ukraine have embassies inKyiv andBudapest, respectively, as well as consulates in regions with large minority populations.
_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_(1896-99).jpg)
As told by thePrimary Chronicle, the first interactions between the Hungarians andKievan Rus' occurred towards the end of the9th century during theHungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, atAskold's Grave inKyiv. During the Hungarian migration from theUral Mountains to thePannonian Basin, the Hungarians crossed theDnieper river near Kyiv, the capital of Kievan Rus'.[3] There, they stayed at the site ofAskold's grave, eventually passing peacefully through the city.[4] During theMiddle Ages, the location of Askold's Grave became known in Ukrainian asUhors'ke urochyshche (Ukrainian:Угорське урочище,lit. 'Hungarian tract'), in memory of the Hungarian passage through the area, and retains that name today.
In 895, the Hungarians entered thePannonian Basin through theVerecke Pass in theCarpathian Mountains (today in Ukraine), where they went on to establish theKingdom of Hungary.[5] In 1996, the Hungarian government received permission from Ukraine to install a monument commemorating the 1100th anniversary of the passing of the Hungarians through the Verecke Pass and the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. Completed in 2008 by Hungarian sculptor Péter Matl, the structure sits on the border ofLviv andZakarpattia oblasts near the village ofKlymets.[6]
During theHungarian invasions of Europe of the10th century, the Hungarians and Kievan Rus' at various times found themselves allied with one another. In943, Rus' forces provided support for a Hungarian offensive against theByzantine Empire, which culminated in the purchasing of peace byByzantine EmperorRomanos I Lekapenos.[7] During the final Hungarian invasion of Europe, in970,Grand Prince of KievSviatoslav I attacked the Byzantine Empire with supporting Hungarian auxiliary troops, eventually facing defeat at theBattle of Arcadiopolis and effectively concluding the Hungarian invasions of Europe.[8]
In 1939, in the aftermath of the breakup of theSecond Czechoslovak Republic, the formerly autonomousCarpatho-Ukraine declared independence on 15 March. The same day, theKingdom of Hungary occupied and annexed the territory. Over the course of a few days, the 40,000 strong Hungarian army overpowered the limited forces of the newly proclaimed unrecognized state, which had only 2,000 troops.[9] By the 18th, Hungarian forces took full control of the territory of Carpatho-Ukraine.[10]
In the chaos that followed, an estimated 27,000 Ukrainian civilians were killed.[10] Approximately 75,000 Ukrainians from the area sought asylum in theSoviet Union, of whom 60,000 ultimately died in SovietGulags.[10]
The modern bilateral relationship betweenHungary andUkraine began in the early 1990s, after theend of communism in Hungary in 1989 andUkrainian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[1] As recently as 2016, relations between the two nations remained largely positive.[11]
In September 2017, then-president of UkrainePetro Poroshenko signed the2017 Ukrainian Education Law, which had previously been adopted by theUkrainian parliament. The new law made Ukrainian the required language of study for all state schools in Ukraine past the fifth grade, reversing a2012 law signed by ousted former Ukrainian presidentViktor Yanukovych that allowed regions with anethnic minority making up more than ten percent of the population to useminority languages in education.[12] Although mainly intended to discourage the use ofRussian in public education, the policy meant that schools inHungarian majority areas ofZakarpattia, including many funded directly by the Hungarian government, would be forced to stop teaching in the Hungarian language.[13]
The change in rules served as the catalyst for the rapid deterioration of relations between Hungary and Ukraine. Immediately after the adoption of the law,Hungarian Minister of Foreign AffairsPéter Szijjártó announced that Hungary would block all further integration of Ukraine intoNATO and theEuropean Union and offered to "guarantee that all this will be painful for Ukraine in future."[14] This marked a significant shift in Hungarian foreign policy towards Ukraine, as it had previously supported stronger Ukrainian integration into NATO and the European Union and advocated forvisa-free travel between Ukraine and the European Union, largely in order to make travel to Hungary easier for the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.[15]
Following through on its promises, in October 2017, Hungary vetoed and effectively blocked the convening of a NATO-Ukraine commission meeting.[16] In response, Ukrainian officials announced concessions to some Hungarian demands, most notably extending the transition period until the implementation of the language law to 2023.[17]
In March 2018, the Ukrainian government announced a plan to restore a military base in the ethnic Hungarian-majority border town ofBerehove, situated ten kilometers from theHungarian border.[18] The plan called for the permanent placement of 800 Ukrainian troops from the10th Mountain Assault Brigade and the128th Mountain Assault Brigade at the base.[19]
Ukrainian officials faced immediate backlash from the Hungarian government after the announcement.Hungarian Minister of Foreign AffairsPéter Szijjártó restated that Hungary would block any further Ukrainian integration intoNATO or theEuropean Union until Hungarian concerns were addressed, and called the placement of the base in a mostlyethnic Hungarian area "disgusting."[19]
The plans for the base were ultimately abandoned; however, in May 2020, officials again announced plans for the restoration of the same military base and the permanent stationing of Ukrainian troops there, this time from the80th Air Assault Brigade.[20]
In September 2018, an undercover video that showed diplomats in the Hungarian consulate inBerehove grantingHungarian citizenship and distributingHungarian passports to Ukrainian citizens sparked new tensions between the two nations. The video, published byUkrinform, captured recipients of new passports reciting an oath of allegiance to Hungary and singing theHungarian national anthem.[21] Because voluntarily obtaining a foreign citizenship while failing to renounce Ukrainian citizenship is illegal according toUkrainian nationality law, Hungarian diplomats instructed new citizens to hide their possession of Hungarian passports from Ukrainian authorities.[22]
In response to the incident, theForeign Ministry of Ukraine declared the local Hungarianconsul in Berehovepersona non grata, expelling him from Ukrainian territory and accusing him of violating theVienna Convention on Consular Relations. In turn, Hungary announced the expulsion of a Ukrainian consul inBudapest and reiterated threats to block Ukraine's further accession toNATO and theEuropean Union.[23]
In the run-up to the2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Hungarian officials attempted on numerous occasions to influence the results in favor of candidates backed by theParty of Hungarians of Ukraine a political party active inZakarpattia Oblast. Specifically, the Hungarian government worked to sway voters in favor of party leader Vasyl Brenzovych and two other candidates contesting seats in theVerkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament. The party received direct payments in the form of Hungarian grant money, and theHungarian Development Bank spent 800,000Hungarian forints (about 2,400Euros at the time) paying for billboards supporting the organization in violation of Ukrainian law.
Throughout July 2019, a number of top Hungarian figures visited Zakarpattia in order to hold rallies and lobby voters for the party's candidates, includingMinister of Foreign AffairsPéter Szijjártó. Around the same time, party leader and parliamentary candidate Vasyl Brenzovych visitedBudapest to attend a meeting withPrime Minister of HungaryViktor Orbán. Despite the extensive efforts, none of the Party of Hungarians of Ukraine's candidates were ultimately elected.[24]
In response to the meddling, the Ukrainian government accused Hungary of violating theCharter of the United Nations andVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.[24]
On 27 September 2021, the Hungarian government signed a 15-year natural gas contract withGazprom, Russia'sstate-owned energy conglomorate.[25] The deal will provide 4.5 billion cubic meters of Russian gas to Hungary annually through the newly constructedTurkStream pipeline; under the contract, 3.5 billion cubic meters will be transported through Serbia and 1 billion cubic meters will go through Austria, making up about half of Hungary's natural gas consumption.[26][27] By bypassing Ukraine entirely, the new route strips Ukraine of millions of dollars in profits from transit fees on Russian natural gas shipments to central and western Europe, on which it is economically reliant.[28]
The agreement sparked new tensions between Hungary and Ukraine. Shortly after the contract was signed, theUkrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement deriding the deal as politically motivated and economically unreasonable, meant solely to please theKremlin, and intended to harm the national interests of Ukraine and Hungary–Ukraine relations.[29][30] The statement also accused Hungary of violating the Treaty on Good Neighborliness and Cooperation between Ukraine and Hungary of 6 December 1991, suspended the Joint Ukrainian-Hungarian Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation, and called for aEuropean Commission investigation into the deal's compliance with Europeanenergy law.[30]
In response,Hungarian Minister of Foreign AffairsPéter Szijjártó summoned the Ukrainian ambassador to Hungary, calling Ukraine's actions a "violation of our sovereignty" and accusing Ukraine of trying to halt the deal and prevent "a secure gas supply for Hungary".[31] In turn,Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned Hungary's ambassador to Ukraine in atit for tat move, reiterated its position that the agreement undermines Ukraine's national security and the energy security of Europe, and said that it would take "decisive measures" to protect its interests.[32]
In December 2021, the Hungarian government reversed course, signing an agreement to transport up to 2.9 billion cubic meters of natural gas through Ukraine annually on top of the Gazprom deal.[33] Alongside a larger deal withSlovakia, the new contract will increase Ukraine's guaranteed natural gas exports by nearly 30%.[33] On 28 December, after the deal's signing, the foreign ministers of both nations declared their "mutual intention to improve bilateral relations" between Hungary and Ukraine.[33]
Days after the beginning of theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Hungarian presidentJános Áder and prime ministerViktor Orbán condemned the invasion, and declared their support for Ukraine in the conflict. Áder added that the conflict was "not provoked by Kyiv", and said that Hungary "hold[s] the leaders of the Russian Federation responsible for the bloodshed", while Orbán noted that military support "out of the question, though we will, of course, provide humanitarian aid".[34][35]
However, in the leadup to the2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, Orbán avoided directly criticizing Russian presidentVladimir Putin, and expressed opposition to potential blockades of Russian oil and gas, on which Hungary relies.[36] During his victory speech on 3 April, Orbán said that Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy was one of the "opponents" that he had overcome in order to win the parliamentary elections.[37] On 6 April, Hungary signaled its intent to agree to pay for Russian gas inrubles, breaking ranks with the rest of the European Union.[38]
In early May, Hungary said that it would veto a proposed European Union sanctions package against the Russian energy sector.[39] Explaining his country's opposition to the sanctions,Hungarian Minister of Foreign AffairsPéter Szijjártó said that "Hungary’s energy supply cannot be endangered because no one can expect us to allow the price of the war [in Ukraine] to be paid by Hungarians".[40]
On 1 May,Oleksiy Danilov, the secretary of theNational Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, accused Hungary of having advance knowledge of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, saying that Vladimir Putin had warned the Hungarian government ahead of time, and that Hungary had plans toannex parts ofZakarpattia Oblast inWestern Ukraine, which lies on the border with Hungary. Hungarian officials condemned Danilov's accusation as false, and expressed outrage over his claims.[41]
Hungary has accepted many[vague] refugees from Ukraine, some of them travelled on to other EU countries.[42]
In June 2023, considerable tensions arose between the two nations from a transfer of eleven UkrainianPOWs from theRussian Federation to Hungary without the involvement of Ukrainian officials. Later three of this group were sent back to Ukraine. The prisoners reportedly from theZakarpattia Oblast of Hungarian ethnicity were moved under the auspices of theRussian Orthodox Church at the request ofBudapest. TheHungarian foreign ministry denied that it had knowledge of such a transfer, but Ukrainian government sources claimed otherwise, as the men had no access to open source information during the process. Later on 15 July, Hungarian PresidentKatalin Novák accepted an invitation by Kyiv for a visit on 23 August for theCrimean Platform with a prior stop in the Zakarpattia Oblast.[43][44]
On May 9, 2025, a pair of alleged Hungarian spies were caught inZakarpattia Oblast and arrested on the initiative of theSecurity Service of Ukraine.[45]
In July 2025, Hungary imposed an entry ban on Ukrainian military officials amid a diplomatic dispute caused by the death of adual Hungarian-Ukrainian citizen who died in disputed circumstances following his mobilization into the Ukrainian military.[46]
The Council of the European Union voted to begin accession negotiations with Ukraine in December 2023.[47] These talks was preceded by a significant revision by the Ukrainian government in December 2023 to legislation on national minorities in Ukraine, which addressed recommendations from the Council of Europe's Venice Commission regarding the legislation.[48] Previously, the Hungarian government (specificallyBalázs Orbán, political advisor to the Hungarian Prime Minister) had indicated that, without improvement to Ukrainian legislation on national minority rights, Hungary would not support Ukraine's desire for EU accession.[49] After the revision to the Ukrainian national minorities legislation,Hungarian Foreign MinisterPéter Szijjártó noted that it represented an improvement but suggested that national minority legislation was not yet entirely satisfactory to Hungary.[50] The revised Ukrainian national minority legislation includes, according to a summary of legislation byRubryka, the right of "[r]epresentatives of national minorities" to "receive basic and specialized secondary education in their respective languages" and the right of private universities "to choose a language of teaching" provided that it is an official language of the European Union.[48] Importantly, the PolishCentre for Eastern Studies notes in an analysis that the Hungarian government did not seem to place national minorities legislation concerns at the center of its discourse on opposing "Ukraine’s integration with the EU", instead "[focusing] on accusing the Ukrainian leadership of ‘widespread and systemic corruption’ and emphasising Ukraine's problems with the rule of law and democracy".[51]
Due to their significant minority populations within each other's borders, Hungary and Ukraine each maintain an extensive network of diplomatic missions across both nations. Hungary has anembassy inKyiv, aconsulate-general inUzhhorod, and aconsulate inBerehove,[52] while Ukraine maintains an embassy inBudapest[52] and a consulate-general inNyíregyháza.[53]
Hungary and Ukraine share a 136.7 km (84.9 mi) border, roughly following theTisza river across theZakarpattia Lowland. The border has a single point of entry by passenger rail, betweenChop andZáhony, and one point of entry that only serves freight rail, betweenSolovka andEperjeske.[54]
A number ofUkrainian highways andHungarian roads meet at the border, including Ukraine'sM06, which turns into Hungary'sMain Road 4 inSolomonovo, and theM26, which continues as Route 491 in Hungary. Both route systems are part of theinternational E-road network, as theE573 andE58, respectively. Only five official points of entry for vehicles exist along the border.[54]
Because Hungary is a member of theEuropean Union while Ukraine is not, the boundary is anexternal border of the European Union. Since the approval ofvisa-free travel between Ukraine and the European Union in 2017, the border can be crossed in either direction without atravel visa.[55]
Because of the Hungarian minority there, the vast majority of Hungary and Ukraine's city links involve towns and villages inZakarpattia Oblast; specifically, many twinned Ukrainian towns are on or near the border with Hungary and have Hungarian-majority populations. Conversely, multiple agreements between the two nation's municipalities involve towns and villages in Hungary'sSzabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, which is home to a significant part of theUkrainian minority in Hungary.
Baktalórántháza,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –
Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[56][57]Balmazújváros,Hajdú-Bihar County –Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[57][58]Békéscsaba,Békés County –Uzhhorod,Zakarpattia Oblast[59]Biatorbágy,Pest County –Velyka Dobron,Zakarpattia Oblast[60]Bicske,Fejér County –Chop,Zakarpattia Oblast[61]Budakeszi,Pest County –Dyida,Zakarpattia Oblast[62]Budapest –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[63][64]Belváros-Lipótváros,Budapest –Rakhiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[65]Budafok-Tétény,Budapest –Koson,Zakarpattia Oblast[66]Celldömölk,Vas County –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67]Dabas,Pest County –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67]Deszk,Csongrád-Csanád County –Rakhiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[65]Diósd,Pest County –Velyki Heivtsi,Zakarpattia Oblast[68]Dunaújváros,Fejér County –Alchevsk,Luhansk Oblast[69]Eger,Heves County –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67] andVynohradiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[70]Felsőzsolca,Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County –Vyshkovo,Zakarpattia Oblast[71]Ferencváros,Budapest –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Göd,Pest County –Yanoshi,Zakarpattia Oblast[72]Hajdúböszörmény,Hajdú-Bihar County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Hatvan,Heves County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Hódmezővásárhely,Csongrád-Csanád County –Solotvyno,Zakarpattia Oblast[73]Inárcs,Pest County –Bene,Zakarpattia Oblast[74]Jászberény,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County –Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[57]Jászfényszaru,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County –Hat,Zakarpattia Oblast[75]Kecskemét,Bács-Kiskun County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64] andSimferopol,Autonomous Republic of Crimea[76]Kistarcsa,Pest County –Fanchykovo,Zakarpattia Oblast[77]Kisújszállás,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County –Serne,Zakarpattia Oblast[78]Kisvárda,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67]Komárom,Komárom-Esztergom County –Khust,Zakarpattia Oblast[79]Körmend,Vas County –Pivdenne,Odesa Oblast[80]Kunszentmiklós,Bács-Kiskun County –Chepa,Zakarpattia Oblast[81]Maglód,Pest County –Bene,Zakarpattia Oblast[74]Mátészalka,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67]Mosonmagyaróvár,Győr-Moson-Sopron County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Nagykálló,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[57]Nyírbátor,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Khust,Zakarpattia Oblast[79] andVynohradiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[70]Nyíregyháza,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Uzhhorod,Zakarpattia Oblast[59]Paks,Tolna County –Vyshkovo,Zakarpattia Oblast[82]Pápa,Veszprém County –Vyshkovo,Zakarpattia Oblast[83]Pesterzsébet,Budapest –Alushta,Autonomous Republic of Crimea[84]Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre,Budapest –Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[57]Ráckeve,Pest County –Shom,Zakarpattia Oblast[85]Szeged,Csongrád-Csanád County –Odesa,Odesa Oblast[86] andRakhiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[65]Székesfehérvár,Fejér County –Luhansk,Luhansk Oblast[87]Szirmabesenyő,Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County –Khust,Zakarpattia Oblast[79]Szombathely,Vas County –Uzhhorod,Zakarpattia Oblast[59]Tamási,Tolna County –Pyiterfolvo,Zakarpattia Oblast[88]Tatabánya,Komárom-Esztergom County –Pyiterfolvo,Zakarpattia Oblast[89]Téglás,Hajdú-Bihar County –Tyihlash,Zakarpattia Oblast[90]Tiszaújváros,Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Törökszentmiklós,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County –Nevetlenfolu,Zakarpattia Oblast[91]Túrkeve,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County –Rakhiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[92] andVelykyi Bychkiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[92]Újbuda,Budapest –Bene,Zakarpattia Oblast[93] andBerehove Raion,Zakarpattia Oblast[93]Újfehértó,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Hut,Zakarpattia Oblast[94]Vác,Pest County –Tiachiv,Zakarpattia Oblast[57]Várkerület,Budapest –Mukachevo,Zakarpattia Oblast[67]Vásárosnamény,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64]Záhony,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County –Chop,Zakarpattia Oblast[61]Zalaegerszeg,Zala County –Berehove,Zakarpattia Oblast[64][95] andKherson,Kherson Oblast[95]Zirc,Veszprém County –Dertsen,Zakarpattia Oblast[96]| Africa |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Americas | ||
| Asia | ||
| Europe | ||
| Multilateral | ||
| Former | ||
| Diplomatic missions | ||
| Africa |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Americas | ||
| Asia | ||
| Europe |
| |
| Oceania | ||
| Multilateral relations | ||
| Disputes | ||
| Diplomatic missions | ||
| Related | ||
