| Hungarian Air Force | |
|---|---|
| Magyar Légierő | |
 Emblem of the Hungarian Air Force | |
| Founded | 1914; 111 years ago (1914) |
| Country |  Hungary |
| Type | Air force |
| Role | Aerial warfare |
| Size | 5,750 active duty personnel 71 aircraft[1] |
| Part of | Hungarian Defence Forces |
| Headquarters | Budapest |
| Anniversaries | 15 August |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander | Major General Nándor Kilián |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |   |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | JAS 39 Gripen |
| Helicopter | Airbus H225M,Airbus H145M |
| Attack helicopter | Mil Mi-24 |
| Trainer | Zlin 242,Airbus H125 |
| Transport | Airbus A319,Dassault Falcon 7X,Embraer KC-390 |
TheHungarian Air Force (Hungarian:Magyar Légierő,Hungarian pronunciation:[ˈmɒɟɒrˈleːgijɛrøː]), is the air force branch of theHungarian Defence Forces.[2]
The primary focus of the present Hungarian Air Force lies in defensive operations. The flying units operate are organised into a single command; under the Air Command and Control Centre.[3]
Following the dissolution of theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, a small air arm was established operating surviving aircraft from Hungarian factories and training schools. This air arm became the Hungarian Red Air Force under the short-livedHungarian Soviet Republic, but was disbanded upon its downfall.[4]
Under theTreaty of Trianon (1920), Hungary was forbidden from owning military aircraft. However, a secret air arm was gradually established under the cover of civilian flying clubs. During 1938, as a result of theBled agreement, the existence of theRoyal Hungarian Air Force (Hungarian:Magyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő (MKHL) lit. "Royal Hungarian Home Guard Air Force"),[citation needed] was made known. The army's aviation service was reorganized and expanded.
Late 1938 the army aviation was once again reorganized.Admiral Horthy, the head of state, ordered that the army aviation should become an independent service effective 9 January 1939. ColonelFerenc Feketehalmi Czeydner became the Air Section Chief in theHonvéd Ministry; Major GeneralWaldemar Kenese became Inspector of the Air Force; ColonelFerenc Szentnémedy became Chief-of-Staff, and ColonelLászló Háry was appointed head of theMagyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő (MKHL).[citation needed]
It subsequently participated in clashes with the newly establishedSlovak Republic and in the border confrontation with theKingdom of Romania. In April 1941, operations were conducted in support of the German invasion of Yugoslavia and, on 27 June 1941, Hungary declared war on theSoviet Union.
In 1940, the decision was made to unite the Air Force, the anti-aircraft forces, and the civilian air defense organizations under one central headquarters.[citation needed] ColonelLászló Háry was retired 24 December 1940, and on 1 March 1941 the new organization was constituted. GeneralAndrás Littay became Air Sub-Department Chief, and Colonel Géza Vörös was appointed Head of the Air General Staff. On 1 June 1941, the Air Defense Corps was established, and Lieutenant General Béla Rákosi[5] became Commander of Army Aviation. In effect the Air Force had once again become part of the Army.
In the summer of 1942, an air brigade was attached to theLuftwaffe'sVIII. Fliegerkorps on theEastern Front. Beginning March 1944, Allied bomber raids began on Hungary and progressively increased in intensity. The101st "Puma" fighter group (later wing) was the elite unit of the MKHL (its name and insignia are carried on by the "Puma" fighter squadron of the Hungarian Air Force of today). Late in 1944 all efforts were redirected towards countering the advancingRed Army, but to no avail. All fighting in Hungary ended on 16 April 1945.[4]
A small air arm was organised along Soviet lines during 1947. Following the communist takeover, Soviet military aid was stepped up and a major expansion program initiated. By 1956 the Hungarian Air Force consisted of the25th Fighter Division (25. Vadászrepülő Hadosztály, HQ inTaszár), the 66th Fighter Division (66. Vadaszrepülő Hadosztály, HQ inKecskemét),[6] the 82nd Separate Bomber Division (82.Önálló Bombázó Hadosztály, HQ inKunmadaras),[7] the 28th Ground Attack Division (28. Csatarepülő Hadosztály, HQ in Székesfehérvár) and a training air division.[8] When Soviet forces invaded to suppress theHungarian Revolution of 1956, sections of the Hungarian Air Force attacked Soviet forces and resisted Russian attempts to occupy their bases. The resistance was short-lived and the entire Hungarian air force wasdemobilized soon after. A reconstituted air arm was reformed in the following year as part of theHungarian People's Army, but initially only as an internal security force. The remaining Hungarian air force assets were organised in the Aircraft Training Center (Repülő Kiképző Központ (RKK)) on 1 April 1957, with one mixed aircraft types squadron each at the main fighter air bases at Pápa, Taszár and Kecskemét. Gradually, starting in 1959 as Hungary became stable, the air force was expanded again, but it remained an integral part of the army and was essentially a defensive force.[citation needed]
During theCold War period communist Hungary had numerousSA-2,SA-3 and alsoSA-5 (one unit) batteries and a large number of radar installations, mostly tasked with defending the Danube line against NATO air strikes. Army air defense was equipped with theSA-4,SA-6 Kub andSA-9,SA-13 systems besides conventionalAAA units.
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The Hungarian People's Army Air Force operated theYak-9,Tu-2,Il-10,Il-28,MiG-15,MiG-17,MiG-19,MiG-21,MiG-23 andSu-22 combat aircraft during its existence. In the 1980s it had three fighter regiments (wings) at the three main bases with three squadrons each, with a total of approximately 100 active supersonic fighter aircraft. From 1989 the force was downsized several times until the early 2000s when only one active fighter squadron was remaining with often only 2–4 flyable alert ready aircraft at a given time.[citation needed]
In mid-1993, three batches of 28MiG-29s were delivered from Russia as a payment in kind of government debt. They were based at Kecskemét. In 1995, a German gift of 20Mi-24D/V's arrived.
For most other former Warsaw Pact member countries, pilot training was not a big deal. Each nation maintained an independent aviation technical college, an academy for training military aircraft pilots, and technical personnel. After the Second World War, Hungary created György Kilián Aviation Technical College in 1949, but in the 1960s domestic pilot training was discontinued and the 18 then modernAero L-29 Delfin jet trainers were handed over to the Soviet Union. The training of pilots was conducted in several schools and bases in the USSR in the following years, and also in Czechoslovakia, in Košice. In Hungary, only helicopter pilots and technicians were trained at Szolnok.
In 1993, Hungary commenced its first pilot training course since 1956 at the Szolnok Aviation Academy. For this, 12Yak-52 primary trainers were purchased from Romania. The German Government also donated 24Aero L-39 Albatros jet trainers. The cost of domestic pilot training was later deemed too high after a change of government, and was halted after the completion of only one course. Also in 1997 the MIG-23s and Su-22s were withdrawn from service, the later type was retired just after an overhaul. During the 1990s all combat aircraft were fitted with newIdentification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems to enable operations in Western airspace. In April 2002, Hungary joined theNATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) pilot training program.[4]
Shortly after Hungary joinedNATO in 1999, a push was made to replace the Air Force's MiG-29 fleet with a NATO-compatible fighter force. By 2001, several offers had been received, a Swedish offer with 24JAS 39C/D, the USA offered 24 usedF-16's and multiple other offers had been received for the commissioning of various used aircraft. Despite the fact that the professional committees favored the F-16, on 10 September 2001, the Swedish bid won,[9] and on 20 December Hungary signed a contract with the Swedish Government.[10] The contract included leasing 14JAS 39 Gripens, two of which are two-seaters, for 12 years beginning in 2006 (later extended until 2026). By December 2007 all 14 jets had been delivered.[11] After the lease period expires in 2026, Hungary will own the remaining Gripens. On 23 February 2024, alongside the delivery of four additional Gripens of the same type, a further support and logistics contract for these aircraft was extended until 2036.[12]
A large-scale modernization program was launched in 2016 under the name "Zrinyi 2026". Its first significant step was the order of 36 Airbus helicopters in 2018. 20 H145M was ordered for light utility, SAR, and light attack roles.[13] Later that year 16H225M helicopters were ordered for heavy transport and SOF roles.[14] All 20 H145Ms were delivered by the end of 2021.
In June 2020, the last plane from theAntonov An-26 fleet was retired from service, temporarily leaving the Hungarian Air Force without tactical airlift capability. TwoKC-390 were ordered to fill this role in late 2020. The first aircraft is to arrive in 2023, the second in 2024.[15]
The ground-based air defence arm also got a big boost in 2020 by ordering of theNASAMS missile system[16] and the 11ELM-2084 radars.[17] TheMistral short range air defence system was also modernized.[18]
As part of the modernization program, the Hungarian Air Force became interested in obtaining new advanced training aircraft.[19] The Air Force performed evaluation flights of theL-39 Skyfox duringAero Vodochody's visit on 17 November 2021.[20] In April 2022, Hungarian officials and Aero jointly announced that Hungary has signed an agreement to purchase 12 L-39 Skyfoxes, expected to be delivered in 2024.[21][22]
In August 2021, a contract was signed withSAAB to modernize the Gripen fleet, to include an improved PS-05/AMk4 radar and new armament. After implementing the MS20 Block 2 software upgrade, the Hungarian Gripens would be able to launchMeteor,IRIS-T missiles, andGBU-49 bombs. All of these weapons are under procurement as of 2022.[23]
The Hungarian Air Force plans to keep its upgraded Gripen fleet well into the 2030s and even acquire enough fighters for a second fighter squadron. 5th generation aircraft like theF-35 are too expensive, and their advanced capabilities are not necessary for the defense needs of Hungary. Airstrike capability (where stealth has a great advantage) is not a priority for the Hungarian Air Force, and no potential foe has stealth fighters in the region. Most likely, the Hungarian Air Force will skip on the 5th generation of fighter aircraft and plans to participate in one of the European fighter development projects in one way or another.[23]
JAS 39C/D Gripen
Helicopters
other flying units
Air Defence Missile unit
Command & Control Center
RAT-31DL radar
other sitesThe following units are part of the Hungarian Air Force, but, like all other operational units of the Hungarian Defence Forces, fall under operational control of the Joint Forces Operations Command inSzékesfehérvár:
The Hungarian Air Force Aircraft Repair Facility at Kecskemét Air Base falls under the Hungarian Defense Forces Logistics Center inBudapest.
| Type | Origin | Role | Aircraft | Quantity | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thales FZ231 |  Belgium | 70 mm rocket pod | H145M | 5 pcs[32] | |
| Nexter NC621 |  France | 20 mm cannon pod | H145M | 5 pcs[32] | |
| IRIS-T |  Germany | Short range Air-to-Air Missile | JAS 39 Gripen | N.A. | Hungary ordered unknown number of IRIS-T missiles in late 2021 for 13.6 million EUR. More to be purchased later.[33] |
| AIM-9M Sidewinder[34] |  United States | Short range Air-to-Air Missile | JAS 39 Gripen | N.A. | |
| AIM-9L Sidewinder | United States | Short range Air-to-Air Missile | JAS 39 Gripen | N.A. | |
| AIM-120 AMRAAM | United States | Medium range Air-to-Air Missile | JAS 39 Gripen | 40 AIM-120C-5 120 AIM-120C-7 | In 2004 40 AIM-120C-5 missiles were purchased along with 10 CATM-120 training missiles for a total of 25,389,904 USD. In 2020 180 AIM-120C-7 missiles were purchased for both the Gripen fleet and the NASAMS 3 launchers of the air defence forces.[35] |
| AGM-65 Maverick | United States | Guided Air-to-Ground Missile | JAS 39 Gripen | 20 pcs AGM-65G[36] 20 pcs AGM-65H | |
| GBU-12 | United States | Laser guided aerial bomb | JAS 39 Gripen | N.A. | |
| Mk-82 | United States | Unguided aerial bomb | JAS 39 Gripen | N.A. |
Meteor air-to-air missiles andGBU-49 guided bombs are planned to be purchased for the Gripen fleet.
| Name | Origin | Type | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAM systems and radars | ||||
| Mistral | France | SAM system | 45 launchers + 9 MCPs | Hungary has 45 ATLAS launchers on UNIMOG 4x4 vehicles and 9 radar-equipped MCP mobile firecontrol centeres on the same platform. New Mistral 3 missiles were purchased in 2017 and all launchers were equipped with Safran Matis thermal imaging cameras.[37][38] The MPCs are also being upgraded.[18] |
| NASAMS 3 | Norway /United States | SAM system | 7 batteries | Kongsberg Defence Systems andRaytheon were awarded a 410 million euro contract to deliver the NASAMS 3 system to the Hungarian Defence forces.[39] Hungarian Air Force operates 6 active and 1 reserve NASAMS 3 battery.[40] 180AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM and 60 AMRAAM-ER were purchased in 2020.[35] |
| P–18 Spoon Rest | Soviet Union | 2DVHFradar | N.A. | Upgraded and modernized by the HM Arzenál Zrt.[41] It is scheduled to be replaced by the newEL/M-2084 system from 2022.[42] |
| EL/M-2084 | Israel | Multi-mission radar (MMR) | 5+6[43] | The Hungarian government have ordered multiple ELM-2084 radar systems fromIsrael Aerospace Industries withRheinmetall's Canadian subsidiary to start replacing Soviet-made but modernized radars from 2022. Rheinmetall Canada is also establishing assembly and future manufacturing site inNyírtelek.[42][43] |
| Skyranger 30 | Germany | Anti-aircraft defense | N.A. | Hungary is looking to buy Lynx-based SHORAD systems. The Skyranger 30 turret is equipped with 30 millimeter KDE cannon andMistral missiles. Beside the electrooptics the turret will have searching and tracking radar as well. [44] A development was signed in late 2023 for adapting the Skyranger 30 system to the locally made Lynx armoured fighting vehicle.[45] |
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat aircraft | ||||||
| JAS 39 Gripen | Sweden | Multirole | EBS HU C | 12[1] | Leased from Sweden[46] 4 on order[47] | |
| Transport | ||||||
| Airbus A319 | Germany | Transport | 2[1] | Former Air Berlin airliner[48] | ||
| Dassault Falcon 7X | France | Transport | 2[49] | |||
| Embraer C-390 | Brazil | Aerial refueling / Transport | KC-390 | 1[1] | 1 on order[1] | |
| Helicopters | ||||||
| Mil Mi-24 | Russia | Attack | Mi-24 V/P | 8[1] | ||
| Mil Mi-8 | Soviet Union | Utility | Mil Mi-17 | 5[1] | ||
| Airbus H145M | France / Germany | Utility | 19[1] | 1 crashed in Croatia in 2023[50] | ||
| Airbus H225M | France / Germany | Transport | 16[1] | The order completed.[1] | ||
| Trainer aircraft | ||||||
| Zlín Z 42 | Czech Republic | Basic trainer | 242 | 6[1] | ||
| Zlín Z 43 | Czech Republic | Basic trainer | 143 | 2[1] | ||
| Aero L-39 Skyfox | Czech Republic | Advanced trainer / Reconnaissance | 5[51][52] | 7 on order[1] | ||
| JAS 39 Gripen | Sweden | Conversion trainer | EBS HU D | 2[1] | Leased from Sweden[46] | |
| Airbus H125 | France | Rotorcraft trainer | 2[1] | 2 acquired fromOMSZ Légimentő in 2016 | ||
NOTE: ThreeC-17 Globemaster IIIs are stationed atPápa Air Base in Hungary to supportNATO'sStrategic Airlift Capability operations.[53]
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The Hungarian aircraft marking is a set of aligned triangles which points toward the front of the aircraft. They are the same colour as theHungarian flag, red, white, and green. The innermost triangle is green, follow by white, and then red. It is displayed on the side of helicopters and in the standard four wing positions on aircraft. It was used by the Royal Hungarian Air Force until 1942, and then reinstated after the Second World War. The new Gripen fighters wear a NATO standard compliant grey-on-grey (low-visibility) version of the Hungarian triangle insignia.
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{{cite web}}:|first= has generic name (help)The government of Sweden approved and ratified a ten-year extension of Hungary's lease of Gripen fighter aircraft… Hungarian Defence Minister Csaba Hende said earlier that extending the lease until 2026 would save the state HUF 63bn.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
