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 Myanmar portal |
Human rights inMyanmar under itsmilitary regime have long been regarded as among the worst in the world.[1][2] In 2022, Freedom House rated Myanmar’s human rights at 9 out of 100 (not free).[3]
International human rights organisations includingHuman Rights Watch,[4]Amnesty International,[5] and theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science[6] have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. TheFreedom in the World 2011 report byFreedom House notes that "Themilitary junta has... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity." In 2011 the "country's more than 2,100 political prisoners included about 429 members of the NLD, the victors in the 1990 elections."[7] As of July 2013, according to theAssistance Association for Political Prisoners, there were about 100 political prisoners in Burmese prisons.[8][9][10][11]
On 9 November 2012,Samantha Power, US PresidentBarack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House Blog in advance of the President's visit that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children."[12] TheUnited Nations General Assembly has repeatedly[13] called on the former Burmese military governments to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the then-ruling Burmese military junta "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law."[14]
Forced labour,human trafficking andchild labour are common.[15] The Burmese military junta[clarification needed] is also notorious for rampant use ofsexual violence as an instrument of control, including allegations of systematic rapes and taking ofsex slaves by the military,[16] a practice which continued in 2012.[17]
In March 2017, a three-member committee in theUnited Nations Human Rights Council ran a fact finding mission. This mission was aimed to "establish the facts and circumstances of the alleged recent human rights violations by military and security forces, and abuses, in Myanmar … with a view to ensuring full accountability for perpetrators and justice for victims".[18]
Unfortunately, the government of Myanmar did not work with the Fact Finding Mission (FFM). They neither allow theUN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar into the country.[19] What the Fact-Finding Mission found and announced was thatsecurity forces in Myanmar committed serious violations ofinternational law "that warrant criminal investigation and prosecution", namelycrimes against humanity,war crimes, andgenocide.[20]
In response to these claims, the Myanmar Government has taken the position that the work of the FFM has been irresponsible and unconstructive. In September 2019, for example, U Kyaw Moe Tun, Myanmar Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva, provided comments during a Session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva. U Kyaw Moe Tun said that the "People of Myanmar, who used to stand with the UN in their long struggle for democracy and human rights, are increasingly disappointed with the less than objective stand taken by some elements of the UN with respect to Myanmar."[22]
Aung San Suu Kyi led the oppositionNational League for Democracy which was victorious in the1990 general election. She was imprisoned or under house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010.[23] In 2021, she was imprisoned by theMyanmar military in acoup d'état. As of August 2022, she is being held in solitary confinement serving a 17-year sentence following a series of secret trials.[24]
Evidence has been gathered which suggests that the Burmese regime has marked certain ethnic minorities such as theKaren,Karenni andShan for extermination or 'Burmisation'.[25] This, however, has received little attention from the international community since it has been more subtle and indirect than the mass killings which occurred in places likeRwanda.[26] According toAmnesty International, the MuslimRohingya people have continued to sufferhuman rights violations under the rule of thejunta which has ruled Burma since 1978, and many of them have fled to neighbouringBangladesh as a result[27] Violence againstChristian communities such as theKachin has also flared since fighting restarted in June 2011 in the2011–2012 Kachin Conflict.
On 21 March 2022, in the 49th session ofUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilMichelle Bachelet stated that the systematic brutality by security forces known as theTatmadaw has inflamed pre-existing armed conflicts in multiple ethnic states. Amidst a “profound crisis” facing access to basic human rights in Myanmar following the coup in February 2021, hundreds of localized armed resistance groups have now formed across the country, triggering “widespread violence in areas that were previously stable”.[28]
In 2022, Freedom House rated Myanmar's religious freedom as 1 out of 4,[29] noting that the constitution provides for freedom of religion and recognises Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and animism. However, some anti-Muslim hate speech and discrimination has been amplified by social media, state institutions and mainstream news websites.
The MuslimRohingya have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime which has refused to acknowledge them as citizens (despite generations of habitation in the country) and attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them.[30] This policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the Rohingya population from Burma.[30] An estimated 90,000 people have been displaced in the recentsectarian violence between Rohingya Muslims and Buddhists in Burma's westernRakhine State.[31] As a result of this policy Rohingya people have been described as "among the world’s least wanted"[32] and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities".[33][34]
Since a 1982 citizenship law Rohingya have been stripped of their Burmese citizenship.[35] In 2012, ariot broke out between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, which left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It also displaced more than 52,000 people.[36] As of July 2012, the Myanmar Government did not include the Rohingya minority group–-classified asstateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and therefore the government says that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.[37]
The 2012 Rakhine State riots are a series of ongoing conflicts between Rohingya Muslims and ethnic Rakhine in northernRakhine State, Myanmar. The riots came after weeks of sectarian disputes and have been condemned by most people on both sides of the conflict.[38]
The immediate cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a 13 years old Rakhine girl by Burmese Muslims as the main cause.[39] Whole villages have been "decimated".[39] Over three hundred houses and a number of public buildings have been razed. According to Tun Khin, the President of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), as of 28 June 650 Rohingyas have been killed, 1,200 are missing, and more than 80,000 have been displaced.[40] According to the Myanmar authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It also displaced more than 52,000 people.[36]
The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June,state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing military to participate in administration of the region.[41][42] The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence.[40] A number of monks' organisations that played vital role in Burma's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community.[43]
In May 2019,Amnesty International accused the Burmese army of committing war crimes and other atrocities inRakhine State. The army has "killed and injured civilians in indiscriminate attacks since January 2019", Amnesty said.[44] "The new operations in Rakhine State show an unrepentant, unreformed and unaccountable military terrorising civilians and committing widespread violations as a deliberate tactic", Amnesty's Regional Director for East and Southeast Asia said.[45]
On 30 June 2013, rioters in the west coast town ofThandwe burned two homes. The riot had started because of rumours that a Muslim man had raped an underage girl, or territory dispute between Rakhine and Muslim trishaw riders.[46] Three Muslims were injured in the fire. Roads in and out of the town were blocked and a government spokesperson said the Myanmar police were working to find the offenders.[47]
On 21 March 2022, the Biden administration declared that Myanmar's military has committed genocide against the Rohingya minority. The Secretary of StateAntony Blinken stated that the US has seen evidence pointing to a clear intent to destroy the Rohingya, with reports of killings, mass rape, and arson.[48]
On 4 July 2022, aUnited Nations investigator has documented apparent war crimes by the Myanmar military and released shocking footage of brutal killings allegedly inSagaing region. On 10 May, 30 men were captured after aMyanmar military raid inMondaingbin village, inYe-U Township. At least five of them later appear dead, their hands bound, shot from behind. Few images obtained byRadio Free Asia (RFA) gives damning evidence of the brutal operation which reinforce a pattern of killings that bear the hallmarks of the military’s atrocities.[49]
Government of Myanmar has been accused by the UN ofethnic cleansing[50][51] of the Rohingya population and committing state-sanctioned crimes such asextrajudicial executions,mass murder,genocide,[51]torture,gang rapes andforced displacement against them but Myanmar denies it.[52][53][54][55][56]
In August 2017 new massacres and burning down of Rohingya villages byMyanmar Army were reported.[57][58][59][60][61] In 2020 Yanghee Lee, the UN special rapporteur to Myanmar, stated theTatmadaw had been emboldened by extra powers granted to them during thecoronavirus pandemic.[62]
In 2022, the US Secretary of State determined that members of the Burmese military had committed genocide and crimes against humanity against the Rohingya people.[63] An estimated 1.6 million Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh, Thailand and India; by the end of 2022, the UNHCR reported that approximately 148,000 Rohingya were being held in displacement camps in the country.[63]
Investigations led byAmnesty International concluded that the airstrikes taken place in March/April 2020 by the Myanmar military, killed civilians including children. According to witness testimonies, Myanmar soldiers arbitrarily detained the civilians over alleged link toArakan Army. The detainees were brutally tortured and beaten by the army. Internet has been cut-off for more than a year in the conflicted territory. The civilians are deprived of the humanitarian assistance overCOVID-19 pandemic. Amnesty also reported the destruction and burning of villages inRakhine andChin State.[64]
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TheRohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a1982 citizenship law.[35] The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them[30]—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000[67] Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted"[68] and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities."[30][69][70]
Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission, are banned from owning land, and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children.[35] As of July 2012, the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified asstateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and, therefore, the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.[71]
Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state in 2014.[72] A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar'sBuddhist andMuslim communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon.[73]
A 2004Amnesty International report stated that, between 1989 and 2004, more than 1,300political prisoners have been imprisoned after unfair trials. The prisoners, includingNational League for Democracy (NLD) leadersAung San Suu Kyi andU Tin Oo, have "been wrongfully denied their liberty for peaceful acts that would not be considered crimes under international law", Amnesty International claims.[74]
TheFreedom House report notes that the authorities arbitrarily search citizens' homes, intercept mail, and monitor telephone conversations, and that the possession and use of telephones, fax machines, computers, modems, and software are criminalised.
According toAssistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), there were 1,547[75]political prisoners in Burma – the number had doubled from 1,100 in 2006 to 2,123 in 2008. As of April 2013, there were 176 political prisoners in Burmese prisons.[10][11]
Political prisoners may be detained on charges seemingly unrelated to politics, complicating the case for their release. For example,National Democratic Force member andland rights activistDaw Bauk Ja was detained by police formedical negligence in 2013, though the detainment was linked to a 2008 death, the case for which had been withdrawn by family of the deceased in 2010. She had run forelection in 2010 and also actively campaigned against theMyitsone Dam and tookYuzana Company to court for its land confiscations inKachin State'sHukawng Valley region.[76][77]
On 25 August 2025, Nay Thway, a resident ofTaunggyi, was arrested for social media posts criticizing the2025 elections. On 9 September, he was sentenced to 7 years hard labour. "Disrupting an election" carries a minimum of 3 years prison time, and a maximum penalty of death.[78] Aung Ye Htut and Yan Naing Kyi Win were arrested on 19 September 2025 in Yangon after posting anti-election stickers.[79]
The Burmese media is tightly controlled by the government. Newspapers, journals and other publications are run under theMinistry of Information and undergo heavycensorship before publication. Reporters face severe consequences for criticising government officials, policy, or even reporting on criticism. Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government "Stop Killing the Press".[80]
The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board prior to publication, however, as explained by one editorial in the exiled pressIrrawaddy, this new "freedom" has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment ofself-censorship as journalists "are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes – non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, perpetuation of sovereignty – and "journalistic ethics" to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security."[80]
On 3 September 2018 Myanmar court sentenced two Burmese reporters working forReuters to seven years in prison allegedly for protecting state secrets.[81] In August 2019, a Myanmar court sentenced a filmmaker to one year in prison with hard labor for criticizing the military on Facebook.[82]
A Burmese filmmaker,Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi, was arrested on 12 April 2019 and formally charged under section 505(a) of theMyanmar Penal Code on 1 August 2019, for one-year prison on charges of criticizing theMyanmar military in hisFacebook post. Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi is also a founder of the Human Dignity Film Institute (HDFI) and theHuman Rights, Human Dignity International Film Festival. Nicholas Bequelin Director for East and South East Asia atAmnesty, condemned the punishment and called it 'cruel' considering serious health ailments that Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi is suffering from, one of which is liver cancer that demands specialist treatment.[83]
On June 19, 2020, HRW urged the Myanmar government to immediately end a year-long government-enforcedinternet shutdown, which has affected more than a million people living in a conflict zone. HRW cited humanitarian workers stating that some villages are unaware of the coronavirus pandemic, due both to the internet shutdown as well as due to humanitarian workers being barred access to the villages.[84]
Sai Zaw Thaike (စိုင်း ဇော်သိုက်, born around the year 1984), aMyanmar photo-journalist working for an independent redactionMyanmar Now, became one the most publicized cases of the repression of journalists after the Burmese coup. In May 2023, Thaike went to report the consequences ofcyclone Mocha as a photographer. On May 23rd 2023 he was arrested inSittwe, the capital ofRakhine state. In September 2023 the military court inRangoon (also known as Yangon) sentenced him to 20 years of prison[85] with hard forced labor for various crimes amongst which was accusations of treason, violating a natural disaster management law for allegedly spreading false news to provoke fear and public panic.[86] According to Myanmar Now and organizations likeReporters Without Borders it appears to be the most severe punishment since the coup in Myanmar in February 2021.[87]
Committee to Protect Journalists reported in 2025 that Sai Zaw Thaike is subjected to physical abuse and retaliation punishments for informing the prison inspections about abuse of other prisoners.[88] For this reason he was forced to carry containers with human feces, beaten daily[89] and tortured.[90] In 2025, Sai Zaw Thaike's case was featured inAmnesty International's Write for Rights campaign.[91]
According toHuman Rights Watch,[92] recruiting andkidnapping of children into themilitary is commonplace. An estimated 70,000 of the country's 350,000–400,000 soldiers are children. There are also multiple reports of widespreadchild labour.
Child soldiers have and continued to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements.The Independent reported in June 2012 that "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol."[93] The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict,Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of theGovernment of Myanmar on 5 July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would "signal a transformation".[94]
In September 2012 theBurmese Army released 42 child soldiers and theInternational Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as theKachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers.[95] According toSamantha Power, a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012. However, she did not comment on the government's progress towards reform in this area.[12]
A 2002 report by The Shan Human Rights Foundation and TheShan Women's Action Network,License to Rape, details 173 incidents ofrape and other forms ofsexual violence, involving 625 girls and women, committed byTatmadaw (Burmese Army) troops in Shan State, mostly between 1996 and 2001. The authors note that the figures are likely to be far lower than the reality. According to the report, "the Burmese military regime is allowing its troops systematically and on a widespread scale to commit rape with impunity in order to terrorize and subjugate the ethnic peoples of Shan State." Furthermore, the report states that "25% of the rapes resulted in death, in some incidences with bodies being deliberately displayed to local communities. 61% were gang-rapes; women were raped within military bases, and in some cases women were detained and raped repeatedly for periods of up to 4 months."[96] The Burmese government denied the report's findings, stating that insurgents are responsible for violence in the region.[97]
A 2003 report "No Safe Place: Burma's Army and the Rape of Ethnic Women" byRefugees International further documents the widespread use of rape by Burma's soldiers to brutalise women from five different ethnic nationalities.[98]
Human rights organisations such as Amnesty International also report frequent torture of prisoners, including political prisoners.
Forced labour andhuman trafficking are common in Myanmar.[99] Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. They are deceived by brokers that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad.[100] In 2017, the government reported 185 trafficking cases. The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking. TheU.S. State Department reported that both the government andTatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking.[101] Women and girls from allethnic groups and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar.[citation needed] They are forced into prostitution, marriages or pregnancies.[102][103] Sex trafficking in Myanmar has been fuelled by factors likeinternal conflict, political instability, land confiscation,[104] poor border management,[105][106] and government restrictions on providing travel documents.[102]
A cyber-scam industry in Myanmar's borderlands has involved human trafficking, forced labour and other abuses.[107] Many of the scam centres are in territories controlled by junta allies like theBorder Guard Force.[107] In August 2023, a report from theOffice of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights noted that at least 120,000 people in Myanmar were trapped in such centres by criminal gangs.[108]
The military forces took over Myanmar in 2021. A yearlong investigation conducted byCNN reveals that half of Myanmar's 54 million population lives below poverty line. This drives many of them to the extreme measures such as online organ trade. This illegal action of selling their personal organs can earn them a payment equal to a two-year salary. Many advertise the organ they wish to donate on social media, this is an endless cycle as families time and again find themselves online to trade their organs as money runs out.[109]
According to theInternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions several hundred thousand men, women, children and elderly people are forced to work against their will by the administration. Individuals refusing to work may be victims of torture, rape or murder. TheInternational Labour Organization has continuously called on Burma to end the practice of forced labour since the 1960s. In June 2000, the ILO Conference adopted a resolution calling on governments to cease any relations with the country that might aid the junta to continue the use of forced labour.[110]
Trade unions were banned whenGeneral Ne Win came to power in 1962. In 2010, amid growing calls for reform to labour laws, unofficial industrial action was taken at a number of garment factories in Rangoon, causing concern at government level.[111] In October 2011, it was announced that trade unions had been legalised by a new law.[112]
An initiative was launched in 2014 by the Myanmar government and theInternational Labour Organization, in conjunction with the US, Japan and Denmark, to promote the development of fundamental labour rights and practice in Myanmar.[113]
In a landmark legal case, some human rights groups sued theUnocal corporation, previously known as Union Oil of California and now part of theChevron Corporation. They charged that since the early 1990s, Unocal has joined hands with dictators in Burma to turn thousands of its citizens into virtual slaves. Unocal, before being purchased, stated that they had no knowledge or connection to these alleged actions although it continued working in Burma. This was believed to be the first time an American corporation has been sued in a US court on the grounds that the company violated human rights in another country.[114][115]
TheFreedom in the World 2004 report byFreedom House notes that "The junta rules by decree, controls the judiciary, suppresses all basic rights, and commits human rights abuses withimpunity. Military officers hold all cabinet positions, and active or retired officers hold all top posts in all ministries. Official corruption is reportedly rampant both at the higher and local levels."[116]
Brad Adams, director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division, in a 2004 address described the human rights situation in the country as appalling: "Burma is the textbook example of a police state. Government informants and spies are omnipresent. Average Burmese people are afraid to speak to foreigners except in most superficial of manners for fear of being hauled in later for questioning or worse. There is no freedom of speech, assembly or association."[117]
From 2005 to 2007 NGOs found that violations of human rights included the absence of an independentjudiciary, restrictions on Internet access through software-based censorship,[118][119] thatforced labour,human trafficking, andchild labour were common,[120] and that sexual violence was abundantly used as an instrument of control, including systematic rapes and taking of sex slaves as porters for the military. A strong women's pro-democracy movement has formed in exile, largely along the Thai border and inChiang Mai. There was also said to be a growing international movement to defend women's human rights issues.[16]
In a press release on 16 December 2005 the US State Department said UN involvement in Burma was essential[121] and listed illicit narcotics, human rights abuses and political repression as serious problems that the UN needed to address.[121]
According toHuman Rights Defenders and Promoters (HRDP), on 18 April 2007, several of its members (Myint Aye, Maung Maung Lay, Tin Maung Oo and Yin Kyi) were met by approximately a hundred people led by a local official, U Nyunt Oo, and beaten up. Due to the attack, Myint Hlaing and Maung Maung Lay were badly injured and subsequently hospitalised. The HRDP alleged that this attack was condoned by the authorities and vowed to take legal action.Human Rights Defenders and Promoters was formed in 2002 to raise awareness among the people of Burma about theirhuman rights.
In April 2019, the UN appointed an American prosecutor as head of an independent team that will probe human rights violations in Myanmar's volatile Rakhine state, focusing on atrocities committed against Rohingya Muslims. However, Myanmar's ruling political partyNational League for Democracy disapproved of the new UN investigative mechanism.[122]
On 14 August 2022, UN High Commissioner for Human RightsMichelle Bachelet began a four-day official visit toBangladesh. This is the first official visit by a UN Human Rights Chief to the country. Ms. Bachelet will go toCox’s Bazar where she will be able to visit camps housingRohingya refugees fromMyanmar and meet with refugees.[123][124]
ruled by one of the world's most repressive regimes.
repressive and abusive military regime
Full List FREEDOM FIGHTERS: Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrei Sakharov, Vaclav Havel, Akbar Ganji, Benigno Aquino Jr., Ho Chi Minh
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