Bottles of pumped breast milk. The milk will need to be transferred to bags and frozen for donation.Frozen bags of pumped breast milk. These are ready to be donated.
Ahuman milk bank,breast milk bank orlactarium is a service that collects, screens, processes, pasteurizes, and dispenses by prescriptionhuman milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically related to the recipient infant. The optimum nutrition for newborn infants isbreast milk for at least the first 6 months of life.[1] For women who are unable to breast feed or produce enough milk, pasteurized donor breast milk may be an effective approach to feeding.[2] Breast milk supplied by a woman other than the baby's mother that is not pasteurized and informalbreast milk sharing is associated with a risk of transmitting bacteria and viruses from the donor mother to the baby and is not considered a safe alternative.[2][3] If pasteurized donor breast milk is not available, commercial formula is suggested as a second alternative.[2]
Human milk banks may offer a solution to the mothers that cannot supply their own breast milk to their child, for reasons such as a baby being at risk of getting diseases and infections from a mother with certain diseases,[4] or when a child is hospitalized at birth due tovery low birth weight (and thus at risk for conditions such asnecrotizing enterocolitis), and the mother cannot provide her own milk during the extended stay for reasons such as living far from the hospital.[5]
The demand and use of human milk banks is increasing.[6][7][8] The International Milk Banking Initiative (IMBI), was founded at the International HMBANA Congress in 2005. It lists 33 countries with milk bank programs.[9] TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) states that the first alternative to a biological mother not being able to breast feed is the use of human milk from other sources.[10]
The primary and by far the largest group of consumers of human breast milk are premature babies. Infants with gastrointestinal disorders or metabolic disorders may also consume this form of milk as well. Human breast milk acts as a substitute, instead of formula, when a mother cannot provide her own milk. Human breast milk can also be fed to toddlers and children with medical conditions that include but are not limited to chemotherapy for cancer and growth failure while on formula.
Donating breast milk can be traced back to the practice ofwet nursing.[11] The first record of regulations regarding the sharing of breastmilk are found in the BabylonianCode of Hammurabi (1800 BCE).[11] These regulations were motivated by the long-held belief that infants inherit the nurse's traits through their breast milk.[11] By the 11th-century European culture considered breastfeeding indecent, which led wet nursing to become common practice among royalty and aristocracy of Europe.[11] The practice of wet nursing declined by the 19th century due to concerns regarding unhealthy lifestyles among nurses.[11] Consequently, the medical community began researching the effects of alternative nutrition on neonates.Theodor Escherich of theUniversity of Vienna conducted studies from 1902 to 1911 investigating different sources of nutrition and their effect on neonates. His studies demonstrated that breastfed neonate's intestinal bacteria was significantly different compared to neonates fed by other means.[11] In 1909, Escherich opened the first human milk bank.[12] The following year, another milk bank opened in theBoston Floating Hospital, the first milk bank in the United States.[13]
The 1960s saw a decline in milk banking because of recent advances in neonatal care and baby formula.[13] Despite these new advancements, in 1980 the World Health Organization and theUnited Nations Children's Fund maintained their position that donor breast milk is the best alternative to the mother's breast milk.[11] The practice of milk banking declined further with theHIV epidemic. The need for stringent screening increased the cost of operating milk banks, forcing them to close doors.[13]
Today, however, improved screening methods and standardization of procedure have made donated milk a viable alternative to mother's breast milk. The ability to pasteurize and store breast milk for up to 8 months[14] means milk banking could become a global enterprise.
More requirements may apply. For example, the requirements in Australia can be found at:http://jhl.sagepub.com/content/2/1/20.full.pdf. The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood offers a self-diagnostic quiz where donors can check if they are eligible to donate before they register.[15]
After the milk has been donated the primary consumer of the milk are premature babies; other consumers include adults with medical complications or conditions. The main reason why premature babies consume donor milk is that the mother cannot provide milk for the baby. The donor milk therefore acts as a substitute.[18]
Human milk banks offer families a chance to provide their child with reliable and healthy milk from other mothers. Human milk banks are needed as they offer milk which mostly is consumed by children whose mothers are not able to provide them with reliable milk.[19]
Brazil has an extensive network of 217 milk banks, and is considered to have the most cost efficient system of milk banking in the world.[22] Since the inception of the first milk bank in 1985, the infant mortality rate in Brazil has dropped 73% due, in part, to the popularization of milk banks. In 2011, 165,000 liters (5,580,000 fl oz) of breast milk were donated by some 166,000 mothers, and provided to nearly 170,000 babies. The Brazilian and Ibero-American Network of Human Milk Banks coordinates these efforts. All donors are screened: in general, they must be healthy and not be taking any medication. The Brazilian system is defined by its inexpensive pasteurization of milk and has spread to other countries such as Spain, Portugal, the Cape Verde Islands, and portions of the rest of Latin America.
There are 223 active human milk banks in 28 countries within Europe, with 14 more planned as of November 2018. Currently, Italy has the most milk banks, at 39, while Georgia, Slovenia, and Turkey have the least, having no milk banks.[23]
The Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) has a "Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of a Donor Human Milk Bank"[24] that establishes exhaustive guidelines for safe milk collection and usage in North America.There are 16 milk banks in North America as of 2014. They collect about 3,000,000 oz per year as of 2013.
Singapore launched a three-year pilot donor breast milk bank on Thursday 17 August 2017. It is a collaboration between KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) and Temasek Foundation Cares. The foundation has set aside S$1.37 million (US$1 million) for the milk bank, which will collect, screen, process and store breast milk from donor mothers.[26]
PREM bank (based at King Edward Memorial Hospital, WA and also supplying Princess Margaret Hospital)
Royal Prince Alfred (RPA) Hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NSW)
Mothers Milk Bank Pty Ltd (a private charity, previously located on the Gold Coast, now at Tweed Heads NSW and supplying the Brisbane Mater Children's Hospital as well as some babies in the community)[8]
Mercy Health Breastmilk Bank (commenced 2011 at Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg VIC)
Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (RBWH) Milk bank (commenced November 2012 at the RBWH Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit)[28]
Asia's first milk bank was established in 1989 at Sion Hospital,Mumbai,India under the leadership of Armida Fernandez, and is presently run by Jayashree Mondkar, a neo-natologist.[29]
In September 2013, "Yashoda" Human Milk Bank was established in D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri,Pune inMaharashtra. Established with the partnership of Rotary Club of Nariman Point, Mumbai, it is the first human milk bank established in a private medical college in India. An advanced human milk bank and Comprehensive Lactation Management, Training and Research Centre (CLMTRC) were established on 31 January 2019.[citation needed]
Central India's first human milk bank was started in 2016 at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Medical College,Amravati by Rotary Club Of Amravati Midtown.
InTamil Nadu, seven human milk banks were launched in government hospitals in 2016, by the then chief ministerJayalalitha.[31] This scheme has expanded to cover all medical college hospitals and several government and private hospitals across the state.[32]
^De Nisi, Giuseppe; Moro, Guido E.; Arslanoglu, Sertac; Ambruzzi, Amalia M.; Biasini, Augusto; Profeti, Claudio; Tonetto, Paola; Bertino, Enrico (2015-05-01). "Survey of Italian Human Milk Banks".Journal of Human Lactation.31 (2):294–300.doi:10.1177/0890334415573502.ISSN0890-3344.PMID25722356.S2CID25752726.
Kara W. Swanson,Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk, and Sperm in Modern America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Newman, Susan; Nahman, Michal (2021). "Nurture commodified? An investigation into commercial human milk supply chains".Review of International Political Economy.
Thornton, Sarah.Tits up: What Sex Workers, Milk Bankers, Plastic Surgeons, Bra Designers, and Witches Tell Us about Breasts. W. W. Norton & Company, 2024.
Italian Association of Donor Human Milk Banks (2015) Survey of Italian Human Milk Banks. Retrieved fromhttp://jhl.sagepub.com
Bertino E., Giuliani F., Occhi L., Coscia A., Tonetto P., Marchino F., Fabris C. (2009). "Benefits of Donor Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Current Evidence".Early Human Development.85 (10):9–10.doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.010.PMID19800748.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
