Hulunbuir 呼伦贝尔市[a] | |
|---|---|
 Hulunbuir steppes | |
.svg) Location of Hulunbuir City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia | |
  Hulunbuir Location of the city centre (Hailar) in Inner Mongolia | |
| Coordinates (Hulunbuir municipal government):49°12′26″N119°46′16″E / 49.2072°N 119.7711°E /49.2072; 119.7711 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Inner Mongolia |
| Municipal seat | Hailar District |
| Area | |
| 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) | |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 252.00 km2 (97.30 sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 1,518.9 km2 (586.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| 2,549,278 | |
| • Density | 9.7/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 349,400 |
| • Urban density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 356,000 |
| • Majornationalities | Han: 81.85% Mongols: 8.6% Manchu: 4.13% |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 159.6 billion US$ 25.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 63,133 US$ 10,136 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 021000 |
| Area code | 0470 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-NM-07 |
| Website | www |
| Hulunbuir | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 呼伦贝尔 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 呼倫貝爾 | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Хөлөнбуйр хот | ||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||||
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Hulunbuir orHulun Buir[b] is aprefecture-level city in northeasternInner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located atHailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, theHulun andBuir lakes (the latter partially inMongolia), and theKhingan range. Hulun Buir bordersRussia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west,Heilongjiang province to the east andHinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is alinguistically diverse area: next toMandarin Chinese,Mongolian dialects such asKhorchin andBuryat, theMongolic languageDaur, and someTungusic languages, includingOroqen andSolon, are spoken there.
During theQing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part ofHeilongjiang province. The 1858Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, theChinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest ofnortheast China and toRussian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during theRepublic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part ofXing'an andHeilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between theRussian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.[3][4] In 1929, theSoviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[5]: 406 After theJapanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanesepuppet stateManchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In theChinese Civil War, theChinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders likeUlanhu by promising theirredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities ofHan andManchu peoples.[6]: 90–91
After theChinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed intoInner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest ofthe northeast via theChinese Eastern Railway.[7] During theCultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[7] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as aLeague. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while thegross domestic product wasRMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chineseprovince-level divisions (and 42U.S. states), although the actualurban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
The city was once aleague (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During theQing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin asHūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese:呼伦布雨尔;traditional Chinese:呼倫布雨爾).
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, fivecounty-level cities, fourbanners and three autonomousbanners.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Note: Jiagedaqi & Songling arede jure part ofOroqen Banner butde facto subordinate toDaxing'anling Prefecture inHeilongjiang. | ||||||
| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Hailar District | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Qayilar toɣoriɣ) | 海拉尔区 | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 |
| Jalainur District | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ) | 扎赉诺尔区 | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 |
| Manzhouli City | ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Manjuur qota) | 满洲里市 | Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 |
| Zalantun City | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Jalan Ayil qota) | 扎兰屯市 | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 |
| Yakeshi City | ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Yaɣsi qota) | 牙克石市 | Yákèshí Shì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 |
| Genhe City (Gengol City) | ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Gegen Ɣool qota) | 根河市 | Gēnhé Shì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 |
| Ergun City | ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Ergün-e qota) | 额尔古纳市 | É'ěrgǔnà Shì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 |
| Arun Banner | ᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Arun qosiɣu) | 阿荣旗 | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 |
| New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Barun Banner) | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Baraɣun qosiɣu) | 新巴尔虎右旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 |
| New Barag Left Banner (Xin Barag Jun Banner) | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu) | 新巴尔虎左旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 |
| Old Barag Banner (Huqin Barag Banner) | ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qaɣučin Barɣu qosiɣu) | 陈巴尔虎旗 | Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 |
| Oroqen Autonomous Banner | ᠣᠷᠴᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 鄂伦春自治旗 | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 |
| Ewenki Autonomous Banner | ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Eveŋki öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 鄂温克族自治旗 | Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 |
| Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Morin Dabaɣ-a Daɣur öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 | Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 |
| Part ofOroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate toDaxing'anling Prefecture inHeilongjiang. | ||||||
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extremehumid continental climate (KöppenDwb, TrewarthaDcbd/Dcbc). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanentSiberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to theEast Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) in January to 20.9 °C (70 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.2 °C (31.6 °F), relatively cold. With at least 58% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,591.1 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 51% of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August.
| Climate data for Hailar District, elevation 650 m (2,130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | 4.3 (39.7) | 16.2 (61.2) | 29.4 (84.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 38.8 (101.8) | 41.7 (107.1) | 39.6 (103.3) | 33.2 (91.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 41.7 (107.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −13.7 (7.3) | −3.2 (26.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 18.9 (66.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | −17.1 (1.2) | 5.9 (42.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 3.2 (37.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.9 (69.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 1.3 (34.3) | −11.8 (10.8) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −0.2 (31.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −29.2 (−20.6) | −25.3 (−13.5) | −15.5 (4.1) | −2.9 (26.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.4 (59.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.9 (25.0) | −16.3 (2.7) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −5.7 (21.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.9 (−45.2) | −42.3 (−44.1) | −37.2 (−35.0) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −11.1 (12.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −7.9 (17.8) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −38.0 (−36.4) | −42.8 (−45.0) | −42.9 (−45.2) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 3.9 (0.15) | 3.6 (0.14) | 5.9 (0.23) | 13.8 (0.54) | 24.9 (0.98) | 53.3 (2.10) | 96.5 (3.80) | 78.6 (3.09) | 35.7 (1.41) | 16.8 (0.66) | 6.7 (0.26) | 6.9 (0.27) | 346.6 (13.63) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.3 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 96.8 |
| Average snowy days | 8.8 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 11.6 | 56 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 75 | 75 | 68 | 50 | 45 | 57 | 66 | 68 | 62 | 61 | 72 | 77 | 65 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 154.5 | 191.8 | 250.7 | 244.0 | 264.5 | 269.1 | 260.1 | 248.1 | 223.0 | 197.3 | 156.5 | 131.5 | 2,591.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 57 | 66 | 67 | 59 | 56 | 56 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 58 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[8][9][10]all-time extreme temperature[11] | |||||||||||||
| Ethnic group | Population in 2000 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 2,199,645 | 81.85% |
| Mongols | 231,276 | 8.6% |
| Daur | 111,053 | 4.13% |
| Hui | 70,287 | 2.62% |
| Evenks | 30,950 | 1.15% |
| Oroqen | 8,355 | 0.31% |
| Russians | 4,741 | 0.18% |
Airports include:
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