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Hugo (film)

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2011 historical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese

Hugo
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMartin Scorsese
Screenplay by
Based onThe Invention of Hugo Cabret
byBrian Selznick
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRobert Richardson
Edited byThelma Schoonmaker
Music byHoward Shore
Production
companies
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release dates
  • October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10) (NYFF)
  • November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23) (United States)
Running time
126 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States[1][2][3]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$150–170 million[4]
Box office$185.8 million[5]

Hugo is a 2011 Americanadventuredrama film[5] directed and produced byMartin Scorsese, and adapted for the screen byJohn Logan. Based onBrian Selznick's 2007 bookThe Invention of Hugo Cabret, it tells the story of a boy who lives alone in theGare Montparnasse railway station inParis in the 1930s, only to become embroiled in a mystery surrounding his late father'sautomaton and the pioneering filmmakerGeorges Méliès.

Hugo is Scorsese's first film shot in3D, about which the filmmaker remarked, "I found 3D to be really interesting, because the actors were more upfront emotionally. Their slightest move, their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely."[6] The film was released in the United States on November 23, 2011.[7]

Despite receiving considerable acclaim from critics,Hugo was afinancial disappointment, grossing only $185 million against its estimated $150 million budget. The film received 11Academy Award nominations (includingBest Picture), more than any other film that year, winning a leading five awards:Best Cinematography,Best Art Direction,Best Sound Mixing,Best Sound Editing, andBest Visual Effects.[8] It was also nominated for eightBAFTAs, includingBest Director, and winning two, and was nominated for threeGolden Globes, including Scorsese's third win forBest Director.

Plot

[edit]

In 1931Paris, 13-year-old Hugo Cabret lives with his widowed father, a clockmaker who works at a museum. Hugo's father finds a brokenautomaton – a mechanical man created to draw with a pen. He and Hugo try to repair it, documenting their work in a notebook. Following his father’s death in a fire, Hugo goes to live with his alcoholic uncle, Claude, who maintains the clocks atGare Montparnasse. When Claude goes missing, Hugo continues maintaining the clocks, fearing that the Station Inspector Gustave Dasté will send him away if Claude's absence is discovered. Hugo attempts to repair the automaton with stolen parts, believing it contains a message from his father, but the machine requires a heart-shaped key.

One day, Hugo is caught stealing parts from a toy store, and the owner, Georges, takes his notebook, threatening to destroy it. Georges'goddaughter Isabelle suggests that Hugo confront Georges and demand it back. Georges proposes that Hugo work at his toy store as recompense, and after some time he might return the notebook. Hugo accepts and commences work, in addition to his job maintaining the clocks. Isabelle and Hugo become fast friends, and Hugo is astonished to see she wears a heart-shaped key, given to her by Georges. Hugo shows her the automaton, which they activate with the key. It draws a scene fromA Trip to the Moon, once described to Hugo by his father. Isabelle identifies the drawing's signature as that of "Georges Méliès" – her godfather. She sneaks Hugo into her home, where they find a hidden cache of drawings, but they are discovered by Georges, who bans Hugo from his house.

Several days later, at the Film Academy Library, Hugo and Isabelle find a book about the history of cinema that praises Méliès' contributions. They meet the book's author, René Tabard, a film expert who is surprised to hear Méliès is alive, as he disappeared afterWorld War I along with the copies of his films. Excited at the chance to meet Méliès again, René agrees to meet Isabelle and Hugo at Georges' home to show his copy ofA Trip to the Moon.

Finding the heart-shaped key on the station railway tracks, Hugo drops down to the track to retrieve it, and is run over byan out-of-control train that smashes through the station. He wakes up from the nightmare, but hears an ominous ticking emanating from himself, and discovers he has been turned into the automaton. Hugowakes up again: it was only another nightmare.

At Georges' home, his wife Jeanne allows them in after René recognises her asJeanne d'Alcy, an actress in many of Méliès' films. They play the film, waking Georges, who is finally convinced to cherish his accomplishments rather than regret his lost dreams. Georges recounts that, as a stage magician, he was fascinated by motion pictures and used film to create imaginative works through hisStar Film Company. Forced into bankruptcy after the war, he closed his studio and sold or destroyed his films. He laments that even an automaton he built and donated to a museum was lost in a fire; Hugo realizes it is the one he has repaired.

Hugo races to the station to retrieve the automaton but is caught by Dasté, who has learned of Claude's death. Dasté threatens to take Hugo to the orphanage to torment him. Hugo runs away and manages to evade Dasté by hiding on the outer face of the clock tower, precariously balancing hundreds of feet above the ground. After climbing back down, Hugo races to escape the station but drops the automaton on the tracks. He jumps down to retrieve it and is almost run over by a train, but Dasté saves him and the automaton. Georges arrives and tells Dasté, "This child belongs to me."

Sometime later, Georges is named a professor at the Film Academy, and is paid tribute through a showcase of his films recovered by René. Hugo and his new family celebrate at the apartment, and Isabelle begins to write down Hugo's own story.

Cast

[edit]

Michael Pitt,Martin Scorsese, andBrian Selznick havecameo roles.

Production

[edit]

Pre-production

[edit]
See also:The Invention of Hugo Cabret

GK Films acquired the screen rights toThe Invention of Hugo Cabret shortly after the book was published in 2007. Initially,Chris Wedge was signed in to direct the adaptation andJohn Logan was contracted to write the screenplay.[9] The film was initially titledHugo Cabret. Several actors were hired, including Ben Kingsley, Sacha Baron Cohen, Asa Butterfield, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Helen McCrory. Jude Law, Ray Winstone, Christopher Lee, Frances de la Tour, and Richard Griffiths later joined the project.Hugo was originally budgeted at $100 million, but ran over with a final budget between $156 million and $170 million.[10] In February 2012, Graham King summed up his experience of producingHugo: "Let's just say that it hasn't been an easy few months for me—there's been a lot ofAmbien involved".

Filming

[edit]

Principal photography began in London on June 29, 2010; the first shooting location was at theShepperton Studios.[11] TheNene Valley Railway nearPeterborough also lent their originalCompagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits rolling stock to the studio.[12][13]

In August 2010, production moved to Paris for two weeks. Locations included theSainte-Geneviève Library, theSorbonne (where a lecture hall was converted into a 1930s cinema hall) in the5th arrondissement, and theThéâtre de l'Athénée and its surrounding area in the9th. High schoolLycée Louis-le-Grand served as the film's base of operations in Paris; its cafeteria served 700 meals a day for the cast and crew.[14]

Music

[edit]
Main article:Hugo (soundtrack)

The film's soundtrack includes an Oscar-nominated original score composed byHoward Shore, and also makes prominent use of theDanse macabre byCamille Saint-Saëns andGnossienne No. 1 byErik Satie. Additional music was provided uncredited by French pianist and composerJean-Michel Bernard.[15] The singerZaz performs on track 20, "Cœur volant".

Release

[edit]

The film was originally intended to be distributed bySony Pictures until February 2011, whenParamount Pictures acquired worldwide distribution rights for the film excluding the United Kingdom and Ireland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey and the Middle East. GK Films retained rights in the aforementioned territories, selling the film toEntertainment Film Distributors in the United Kingdom and Ireland,Metropolitan Filmexport in France,01 Distribution in Italy, Ascot Elite Entertainment Group in Switzerland and Pinema in Turkey.[16][17]

The film premiered at theNYFF on October 10, 2011, was theatrically released on November 23, 2011, byParamount Pictures, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 28, 2012, byParamount Home Media Distribution.Hugo has grossed $34.3 million in home video revenue.[18]

The film had its UK premiere at theRoyal Film Performance, an event held in aid of theFilm & TV Charity, on November 28, 2011, at theOdeon Leicester Square. It was attended by thePrince of Wales andThe Duchess of Cornwall.[19]

Historical references

[edit]
Maillardet's automaton (left) and theJaquet-Droz automaton "the writer" (right) were inspirations for the design of the automaton in the film.

The backstory and primary features ofGeorges Méliès' life as depicted in the film are largely accurate: he became interested in film after seeing a demonstration of theLumière brothers' camera;[20] he was a magician and toymaker; he experimented with automata; he owned a theatre (Théâtre Robert-Houdin); he was forced into bankruptcy; his film stock was reportedly melted down for itscelluloid; he became a toy salesman at theMontparnasse station, and he was eventually awarded theLégion d'honneur medal after a period of terrible neglect. Many of the early silent films shown in the movie are Méliès' actual works, such asLe voyage dans la lune (1902). However, the film does not mention Méliès' two children, his brother Gaston (who worked with Méliès during his film-making career), or his first wife Eugénie, who was married to Méliès during the time he made films (and who died in 1913). The film shows Méliès married to Jeanne d'Alcy during their filmmaking period, when in reality they did not marry until 1925.

The automaton's design was inspired by theMaillardet's automaton made by the Swiss watchmakerHenri Maillardet, which Selznick had seen in theFranklin Institute, Philadelphia,[21] as well as theJaquet-Droz automaton "the writer".[22] A portion of the scene withHarold Lloyd inSafety Last! (1923), hanging from the clock, is shown when the main characters sneak into a movie theater. Later, Hugo, like Lloyd inSafety Last!, hangs from the hands of a large clock on a clock tower to escape from a pursuer.

Scenes inHugo recreate viewings of silent films such as Méliès'A Trip to the Moon and theLumière brothers'L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat.

Several viewings of the 1895 filmL'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat are portrayed, depicting the shocked reaction of the audience—although this view is in doubt.[23]

Emil Lager,Ben Addis, and Robert Gill makecameo appearances as the father ofGypsy jazz guitar,Django Reinhardt, the Spanishsurrealist painterSalvador Dalí, and the Irish writerJames Joyce, respectively. The names of all three characters appear towards the end of the film's cast credit list.[24]

The book that Monsieur Labisse gives Hugo as a gift,Robin Hood le proscrit (Robin Hood the outlaw), was written byAlexandre Dumas in 1864 as a French translation of an 1838 work byPierce Egan the Younger in England. The book is symbolic, as Hugo must avoid the "righteous" law enforcement (Inspector Gustave) to live in the station and later to restore the automaton both to a functioning status and to its rightful owner. The particular copy given to Hugo looks like the 1917 English-language edition (David McKay publisher, Philadelphia, United States) with cover and interior illustrations by N.C. Wyeth, but with "Le Proscrit" added to the cover by the prop department. The film also depicts theMontparnasse derailment, when at 4:00 pm on 22 October 1895, the Granville–Paris Express overran the buffer stop at its Gare Montparnasse terminus.

In their confrontation with the Station Inspector, Isabelle claims she named her cat after the famous poetChristina Rossetti, as Isabelle then begins to recite the first lines of Rossetti's poem "A Birthday".[25] Near the end of the film, Georges is in a discussion about the origins of filmmaking, and he and Jeanne mention the "cave pictographs in Niaux". This is a reference to theCave of Niaux archeological site, which features ancient wall paintings that are thought to have been made 17,000 to 11,000 years ago.[26]

Reception

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

Hugo earned $15.4 million over its Thanksgiving weekend debut. It went on to earnUS$73,864,507 domestically and $111,905,653 overseas, for a worldwide gross of $185,770,160.[5] Despite praise from critics,Hugo was cited as one of the year's notable box-office flops. Its perceived failure was due to competition with Disney'sThe Muppets and Summit'sBreaking Dawn Part 1.[27] The film was estimated to have had a net loss of $100 million.[28] ProducerGraham King said that the film's box-office results were painful. "There's no finger-pointing—I'm the producer and I take the responsibility," he said. "Budget-wise, there just wasn't enough prep time and no one really realized how complicated doing a 3D film was going to be. I went through three line-producers because no one knew exactly what was going on. Do I still think it's a masterpiece that will be talked about in 20 years? Yes. But once the schedule started getting out of whack, things just spiraled and spiraled and that's when the avalanche began."[29]

Critical reception

[edit]

On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 230 reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hugo is an extravagant, elegant fantasy with an innocence lacking in many modern kids' movies, and one that emanates an unabashed love for the magic of cinema."[30]Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[31] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, saying that the film "is unlike any other film Martin Scorsese has ever made, and yet possibly the closest to his heart: a big-budget, family epic in 3-D, and in some ways, a mirror of his own life. We feel a great artist has been given command of the tools and resources he needs to make a movie about—movies."[33] Peter Rainer ofThe Christian Science Monitor gave it a "B+" grade and termed it as "an odd mixture: a deeply personal impersonal movie" and concluded that "Hugo is a mixed bag but one well worth rummaging through."[34]Christy Lemire said that the film had an "abundant love of the power of film; being a hardcore cinephile (like Scorsese) might add a layer of enjoyment, but it certainly isn't a prerequisite for walking in the door" besides being "slightly repetitive and overlong".[35]Michael Phillips of theChicago Tribune give it three stars and described it as "rich and stimulating even when it wanders," explaining "every locale in Scorsese's vision of 1931 Paris looks and feels like another planet. The filmmaker embraces storybook artifice as wholeheartedly as he relays the tale's lessons in the importance offilm preservation."[36]Joe Morgenstern ofThe Wall Street Journal said thatHugo "visually ... is a marvel, but dramatically it's a clockwork lemon".[37]

Hugo was selected for theRoyal Film Performance 2011 with a screening at the Odeon, Leicester Square, in London on 28 November 2011 in the presence ofthe Prince of Wales andthe Duchess of Cornwall in support of theCinema and Television Benevolent Fund.[38]Richard Corliss ofTime named it one of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011, saying that "Scorsese's love poem, rendered gorgeously in 3-D, restores both the reputation of an early pioneer and the glory of movie history—the birth of a popular art form given new life through a master's application of the coolest new techniques".[39]James Cameron calledHugo "a masterpiece" and that the film "had the best use of 3D [he] had seen," surpassing even his own acclaimed films.[40]

Top-ten lists

[edit]

The film appeared on the following critics' lists of the top-ten films of 2011:

CriticPublicationRank
David DenbyThe New Yorker1st[41]
Sean HobbitFreelance1st
Elizabeth WeitzmanNew York Daily News1st
Harry KnowlesAin't It Cool News1st[42]
Shawn LevyThe Oregonian (Portland)1st[43]
Glenn KennyMSN Movies2nd
Peter HartlaubSan Francisco Chronicle2nd[44]
Richard CorlissTime2nd[45]
Roger EbertChicago Sun-Times4th[46]
Lisa SchwarzbaumEntertainment Weekly4th[47]
Peter ParasE! Online5th
MTV5th[48]
Todd McCarthyThe Hollywood Reporter6th[49]
Peter TraversRolling Stone6th[50]
TV Guide7th[51]
J. HobermanThe Village Voice8th[52]
Noel MurrayThe A.V. Club9th[53]
Mark KermodeBBC Radio 5 Live9th[54]
Kim MorganMSN Movies9th[55]
Keith PhippsA.V. Club9th[53]
Sean AxmakerMSN Movies10th[56]
Glenn Heath Jr.Slant Magazine10th[57]
Jeff SimonThe Buffalo News[58]
Manohla DargisThe New York Times
Phillip FrenchThe Observer

Accolades

[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award / Film FestivalDate of CeremonyCategoryRecipient(s)Result
Academy Awards[59][60]February 26, 2012Best PictureGraham King andMartin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best Art DirectionArt Direction:Dante Ferretti;
Set Decoration:Francesca Lo Schiavo
Won
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonWon
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Film EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best Original ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Best Sound EditingPhilip Stockton andEugene GeartyWon
Best Sound MixingTom Fleischman andJohn MidgleyWon
Best Visual EffectsRobert Legato, Joss Williams,Ben Grossmann, and Alex HenningWon
Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards[61]December 5, 2012Best Foreign FilmGraham King,Timothy Headington, Martin Scorsese, andJohnny DeppWon
Alliance of Women Film Journalists[62][63]January 10, 2012Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerWon
American Society of Cinematographers[64]February 12, 2012Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in a Feature FilmRobert RichardsonNominated
Art Directors Guild[65]February 4, 2012Period FilmDante FerrettiWon
Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards[66]January 27, 2012Best Film – InternationalGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Direction – InternationalMartin ScorseseNominated
Boston Society of Film Critics AwardDecember 11, 2011Best DirectorMartin ScorseseWon
Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert Richardson2nd Place
Best EditingThelma Schoonmaker2nd Place
British Academy Film Awards[67][68]February 12, 2012Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Original ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Best SoundPhilip Stockton,Eugene Gearty, Tom Fleischman, andJohn MidgleyWon
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best Production DesignDante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoWon
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Makeup and HairMorag Ross andJan ArchibaldNominated
Critics' Choice AwardsJanuary 12, 2012Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Young Actor/ActressAsa ButterfieldNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best Production Design/Art DirectionDante Ferretti andFrancesca Lo SchiavoWon
Best ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Visual EffectsRobert LegatoNominated
Best SoundPhilip Stockton, Eugene Gearty, Tom Fleischman, and John MidgleyNominated
Chicago Film Critics Association[69][70]January 7, 2012Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Original ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
David di Donatello Awards[71]May 4, 2012Best Foreign FilmHugoNominated
Detroit Film Critics Society[72]December 16, 2011Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Florida Film Critics Circle Awards[73]December 19, 2011Best DirectorMartin ScorseseWon
Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Production Design/Art DirectionDante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoWon
Golden Globe Awards[74][75]January 15, 2012Best DirectorMartin ScorseseWon
Best Motion Picture – DramaGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Original ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Golden Trailer Awards[76]May 31, 2012Best Animation/Family"Imagine"Nominated
Best Animation/Family TV SpotHugoNominated
Grammy Awards[77]February 10, 2013Best Score Soundtrack For Visual MediaHoward ShoreNominated
Hugo AwardsSeptember 2, 2012Best Dramatic Presentation, Long FormMartin Scorsese and John LoganNominated
Indiana Film Critics AssociationBest FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Musical ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Las Vegas Film Critics SocietyDecember 13, 2011Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Family FilmHugoWon
Best Film EditingThelma SchoonmakerWon
Best Youth in FilmAsa ButterfieldWon
National Board of Review[78]Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseWon
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseWon
New York Film Critics Circle AwardNovember 29, 2011Best DirectorMartin Scorsese2nd Place
Best FilmGraham King and Martin Scorsese3rd Place
Online Film Critics Society AwardsJanuary 2, 2012Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Phoenix Film Critics SocietyDecember 27, 2011Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Visual EffectsRobert LegatoWon
Best Live Action Family FilmHugoNominated
Ray Bradbury AwardMay 18, 2013Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic PresentationMartin Scorsese and John LoganNominated
Satellite AwardsDecember 19, 2011Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Art Direction and Production DesignDante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Visual EffectsRobert LegatoWon
San Diego Film Critics Society AwardsDecember 14, 2011Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Saturn Awards[79]June 20, 2012Best Fantasy FilmHugoNominated
Best ActorBen KingsleyNominated
Best Performance by a Younger ActorAsa ButterfieldNominated
Chloë Grace MoretzNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best WritingJohn LoganNominated
Best MusicHoward ShoreNominated
Best CostumeSandy PowellNominated
Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Visual Effects Society Awards[80]February 7, 2012Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion PictureBen Grossmann,Alex Henning,Rob Legato, Karen MurphyWon
Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion PictureScott Beverly for "Train Crash"Nominated
Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion PictureMartin Chamney,Rob Legato, Adam Watkins, Fabio ZanglaWon
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[81]December 5, 2011Best DirectorMartin ScorseseWon
Best Art DirectionDante FerrettiWon
Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Acting EnsembleHugoNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
World Soundtrack AcademyOctober 20, 2012Best Original Score of the YearHoward ShoreNominated
Soundtrack Composer of the YearNominated
Young Artist Awards[82]May 6, 2012Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young ActorAsa ButterfieldNominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young ActressChloë Grace MoretzWon

References

[edit]
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