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Hubei[a] is aprovince inCentral China. It has theseventh-largest economy among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland provinces. Its provincial capital atWuhan serves as a major political, cultural, and economic hub for the region.
The Hubei region was home to sophisticatedNeolithic cultures.[8][9] By theSpring and Autumn period (770–476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei formed part of the powerfulState of Chu. Chu, nominally a tributary state of theZhou dynasty, was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but Chu also represented a culturally unique blend of northern and southern culture, and it developed into a powerful state that controlled much of the middle and lowerYangtze River, with its power extending northwards into theNorth China Plain.[10]
Detail of an embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from a 4th-century BC,Zhou era tomb at Mashan,Jiangling County, Hubei
During theWarring States period (475–221 BC) Chu became the major adversary of the upstartState of Qin to the northwest (in present-dayGuanzhong,Shaanxi province), which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land: first its dominance over theSichuan Basin, then (in 278 BC) its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei.[11][12] In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime, which had fled eastwardsduring Qin's wars of uniting China.[13]
Qin founded theQin dynasty in 221 BC, the first unified dynasty inChina. The Qin dynasty was succeeded in 206 BC by theHan dynasty, which established the province (zhou) ofJingzhou in today's Hubei andHunan. The Qin and Han played an active role in the extension of farmland in Hubei, maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farms from summer floods.[14] Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, Jingzhou was ruled by regional warlordLiu Biao. After his death in 208, Liu Biao's realm was surrendered byhis successors toCao Cao, a powerful warlord who had conquered nearly all of north China; but in theBattle of Red Cliffs (208 or 209), warlordsLiu Bei andSun Quan drove Cao Cao out of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou and appointed Guan Yu as administrator of Xiangyang (in modernXiangyang, Hubei) to guard Jing province; he went on to conquer Yizhou (the Sichuan Basin), but lost Jingzhou to Sun Quan; for the next few decades Jingzhou was controlled by theWu Kingdom, ruled by Sun Quan and his successors.[15]
TheSong dynasty reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei intoJinghubei Circuit, a longer version of Hubei's current name.Mongols conquered the region in 1279, and undertheir rule the province ofHuguang was established, covering Hubei, Hunan, and parts ofGuangdong andGuangxi.[citation needed] During the Mongol rule, in 1331, Hubei was devastated by an outbreak of theBlack Death, which reachedEngland,Belgium, andItaly by June 1348, and which, according to Chinese sources, spread during the following three centuries to decimate populations throughout Eurasia.[17]
TheMing dynasty (1368–1644) drove out the Mongols in 1368. Their version of Huguang province was smaller, and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. Hubei lay geographically outside the centers of the Ming power. During the last years of the Ming, today's Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies ofZhang Xianzhong andLi Zicheng. TheManchuQing dynasty which took control of much of the region in 1644, soon split Huguang into the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan. The Qing dynasty, however, continued to maintain aViceroy of Huguang, one of the most well-known viceroys beingZhang Zhidong (in office between 1889 and 1907), whose modernizing reforms made Hubei (especiallyWuhan) into a prosperous center of commerce and industry. TheHuangshi/Daye area, south-east of Wuhan, became an important center of mining and metallurgy.[citation needed]
In 1911, theWuchang Uprising took place in modern-day Wuhan. The uprising started theXinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty and established theRepublic of China. In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of theKuomintang, led byWang Jingwei; this government later merged intoChiang Kai-shek's government inNanjing. DuringWorld War II the eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied byJapan, while the western parts remained under Chinese control.[citation needed]
During theCultural Revolution in the 1960s, Wuhan saw fighting between rivalRed Guard factions. In July 1967, civil strife struck the city in theWuhan Incident ("July 20th Incident"), an armed conflict between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution.[18]
As the fears of a nuclear war increased during the time ofSino-Soviet border conflicts in the late 1960s, theXianning prefecture of Hubei was chosen as the site ofProject 131, an underground military-command headquarters.[19]
Yellow Crane Tower
The province—and Wuhan in particular—suffered severely from the1954 Yangtze River Floods. Large-scale dam construction followed, with theGezhouba Dam on theYangtze River nearYichang started in 1970 and completed in 1988; the construction of theThree Gorges Dam, further upstream, began in 1993. In the following years, authorities resettled millions of people from western Hubei to make way for the construction of the dam. A number of smaller dams have been constructed on the Yangtze's tributaries as well.[citation needed]
TheXianning Nuclear Power Plant is planned in Dafanzhen, Tongshan County, Xianning, to host at least four 1,250-megawatt (MW) AP1000 pressurized-water reactors.Work on the site began in 2010; plans envisaged that the first reactor would start construction in 2011 and go online in 2015. However, construction of the first phase had yet to start as of 2018[update].[citation needed]
On 1 December 2019, the first case ofCOVID-19 in theCOVID-19 pandemic was identified in the city ofWuhan. In January 2020, theSARS-CoV-2 virus was officially identified, leading local and federal governments to implement massivequarantine zones across Hubei province, especially in the capitalWuhan (the epicenter of the outbreak). Authorities partially or fully locked down 15 cities, directly affecting 57 million people. Following severe outbreaks in numerous other countries, including in different areas of the world, theWorld Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. However, after more than eight weeks, the lockdown on most cities in the province was lifted.[citation needed]
The two major rivers of Hubei are theYangtze River and its left tributary, theHan River; they lend their names to theJianghan Plain – Jiang representing the Yangtze and han representing the Han River. The Yangtze River enters Hubei from the west via theThree Gorges; the eastern half of theThree Gorges (Xiling Gorge and part ofWu Gorge) lie in western Hubei, while the western half is in neighbouringChongqing. The Han River enters the province from the northwest. After crossing most of the province, the two great rivers meet at the center of Wuhan, the provincial capital.
Among the notable tributaries of the Yangtze within the province are theShen Nong Stream (a small northern tributary, severely affected by the Three Gorges Dam project); theQing, a major waterway of southwestern Hubei; theHuangbo nearYichang; and theFushui River in the southeast.[citation needed]
Thousands of lakes dot the landscape of Hubei's Jianghan Plain, giving Hubei the name of "Province of Lakes"; the largest of these lakes areLiangzi Lake andHong Lake. The numerous hydrodams have created a number of large reservoirs, the largest of which is theDanjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River, on the border between Hubei andHenan.[citation needed]
Hubei has ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa orCwa under theKöppen climate classification), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold, with average temperatures of 1 to 6 °C (34 to 43 °F) in January, while summers are hot and humid, with average temperatures of 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F) in July; punishing temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or above are widely associated with Wuhan, the provincial capital. The mountainous districts of western Hubei, in particularShennongjia, with their cooler summers, attract numerous visitors from Wuhan and other lowland cities.[citation needed]
Besides the capitalWuhan, other important cities areJingmen;Shiyan, a center of automotive industry and the gateway to theWudang Mountains;Yichang, the main base for the gigantic hydroelectric projects of southwestern Hubei; andShashi.[citation needed]
^Formerly known as Xiangfan PLC until 2 December 2010.
^abNew district established after census:Yunyang (Yunxian County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
^Jingshan County is currently known as Jingshan CLC after census.
Most populous cities in Hubei
Source:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[27]
Hubei is often called the "Land of Fish and Rice" (鱼米之乡). Important agricultural products in Hubei includecotton,rice,wheat, andtea, while industries includeautomobiles, metallurgy, machinery, power generation, textiles, foodstuffs and high-tech commodities.[30]
Hubei Jingzhou Chengnan Economic Development Zone was established in 1992 under the approval of Hubei Government. Three major industries include textile, petroleum and chemical processing, with a combined output accounts for 90% of its total output. The zone also enjoys a well-developed transportation network—only 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the airport and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the railway station.[33]
Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics, telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production centre for optical-electronic products with key players like Changfei Fiber-optical Cables (the largest fiber-optical cable maker in China), Fenghuo Telecommunications and Wuhan Research Institute of Post and Telecommunications (the largest research institute in optical telecommunications in China). Wuhan ELHTZ represents the development centre for China's laser industry with key players such as HUST Technologies and Chutian Laser being based in the zone.[34]
Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.[35] Its size is about 10–25 square km and it plans to expand to 25–50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone include automobile production/assembly, biotechnology/pharmaceuticals, chemicals production and processing, food/beverage processing, heavy industry, and telecommunications equipment.
Wuhan Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic & Technology Development Zone, planned to cover land of 2.7 km2 (1.0 sq mi). The first 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) area has been launched.[36]
Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is in Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.[37] The planned area is 0.67 km2 (0.26 sq mi) with total floor area of 600,000 square meters. The zone is 8.5 km (5.28 mi) from the 316 National Highway and is 46.7 km (29.02 mi) from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.
Xiangyang New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
On October 18, 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate 330,000 residents from the Hubei andHenan provinces that will be affected by the Danjiangkou Reservoir on theHan river. The reservoir is part of the largerSouth-North Water Transfer Project.[49]
People in Hubei speakMandarin dialects; most of these dialects are classified asSouthwestern Mandarin dialects, a group that also encompasses the Mandarin dialects of most of southwestern China.[citation needed]
TheShennongjia area is the alleged home of theYeren, a wild undiscoveredhominid that lives in the forested hills.
The people of Hubei are given the uncomplimentary nickname "Nine-headed Birds" by other Chinese, from amythological creature said to be very aggressive and hard to kill."In the sky live nine-headed birds. On the earth live Hubei people." (天上九头鸟，地上湖北佬;Tiānshàng jiǔ tóu niǎo, dìshàng Húběi lǎo)
Wuhan is one of the major culture centers in China.
Hubei is thought to be the province that originated the card game ofdou dizhu.
As of 2022, Hubei hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth together withHunan (130) among all Chinese provinces afterJiangsu (168),Guangdong (160),Henan (156),Shandong (153), andSichuan (134).[51][52] TheHuazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST),Wuhan University and many other institutions in Wuhan make it a hub of higher education and research in China. Wuhan is the city that has the largest college student population in the world (1.3 million) studying in its 89 universities.
Prior to the construction of China's national railway network, theYangtze andHanshui Rivers had been the main transportation arteries of Hubei for many centuries, and still continue to play an important transport role.
Historically, Hubei's overland transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across theYangtze River, which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Hubei, theWuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed in 1957, followed by the Zhicheng Bridge in 1971. As of October 2014[update], Hubei had23 bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River, including nine bridges and three tunnels in Wuhan.
Therailway from Beijing reached Wuhan in 1905, and was later extended to Guangzhou, becoming the first north-to-south railway mainline to cross China. A number of other lines crossed the province later on, including theJiaozuo–Liuzhou railway andBeijing–Kowloon railway, respectively, in the western and eastern part of the province.
The province's best-known natural attraction (shared with the adjacentChongqing municipality) is the scenic area of theThree Gorges of the Yangtze. Located in the far west of the province, the gorges can be conveniently visited by one of the numerous tourist boats (or regular passenger boats) that travel up the Yangtze fromYichang through theThree Gorges and into the neighboringChongqing municipality.
Themountains of western Hubei, in particular inShennongjia District, offer a welcome respite from Wuhan's and Yichang's summer heat, as well as skiing opportunities in winter. The tourist facilities in that area concentrate aroundMuyu in the southern part ofShennongjia, the gateway to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve (神农架国家自然保护区). Closer to the provincial capital, Wuhan, is theMount Jiugong (Jiugongshan) national park, inTongshan County near the border withJiangxi.
A particular important site of both natural and cultural significance isMount Wudang (Wudangshan) in the northwest of the province. Originally created early in theMing dynasty, its building complex has been listed byUNESCO since 1994 as aWorld Heritage Site.
TheHubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan, with extensive archaeological and cultural exhibits and performance presentations of ancient music and dance. This is one of the best places to learn about the ancientstate of Chu, which flourished in the territory of present-day Hubei during theEastern Zhou dynasty and developed its own unique culture, quite distinct from that of theShang/Zhou civilization of northern China.
The province also has historical sites connected with China's more recent history, such as theWuchang Uprising Memorial in Wuhan,Project 131 site (a Cultural-Revolution-era underground military command center) inXianning, and the National Mining Park (国家矿山公园) inHuangshi.[57]
Following a July 1979 State of Ohio Trade Mission to China, Hubei andOhio formed a sister province-state relationship.[58]: 111–113 The pairing was based on the fact that both Hubei and Ohio are located in national heartlands, are large industrial areas and transportation hubs, and have significant agricultural sectors.[58]: 113
In 2005, Hubei province signed a twinning agreement withTelemark county of Norway, and a "Norway-Hubei Week" was held in 2007.
People not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religion.
^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[50] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches" andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
^"Hubei Survey". Ministry Of Commerce. 25 April 2007.Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved8 April 2018.Hubei {...} an area of 185,900 square km.
^湖北 [Hubei] (in Chinese). The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 26 March 2013.Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved7 June 2016.全省国土总面积18.59万平方公里
^Flad, Rowan K.; Chen, Pochan (2013).Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-72766-2.
^Constance A. Cook and John S. Major, eds. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999); Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2006), 262–88.
^Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362.
^"湖北省情概况·历史沿革".HuBei China (HuBei Government's official website) (in Simplified Chinese). 2019-04-24. Archived fromthe original on 2022-10-23. Retrieved2021-07-27.
^Thomas W. Robinson (1971). "The Wuhan Incident: Local Strife and Provincial Rebellion During the Cultural Revolution".The China Quarterly (47):413–18.JSTOR652320.
^神秘131工程:60年代修建的防核地下指挥部 [Mysterious Project 131: An underground nuclear command headquarters constructed in the 1960s].xjqmx.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved2020-03-16.
^Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012).中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing:China Statistics Print.ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
^Lawrence, Susan; Martin, Michael (20 March 2013)."Understanding China's Political System"(PDF).Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved28 September 2019.
^党委书记权力究竟有多大？ [How much power does a Party Secretary really have?].人民论坛 (in Chinese (China)).People's Daily Press. 23 January 2007.Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved29 April 2018.
^武孝城际铁路正式开通 市民可以坐城铁赶飞机 [Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway officially opens; city residents can take the line to catch flights].chinanews.com Hubei (in Chinese). 2016-12-01. Archived fromthe original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved2019-12-19.
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