| Hua Mulan 花木蘭 | |
|---|---|
_2.jpg) Mulan as depicted in the albumGathering Gems of Beauty (畫麗珠萃秀) (Qing dynasty; ca 18th century). | |
| First appearance |
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| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Female |
| Occupation | Cavalry soldier |
| Origin | Northern Wei |
| Hua Mulan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 花木蘭 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 花木兰 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hua Mulan (Chinese:花木蘭) is a legendary Chinesefolk heroine from theNorthern and Southern dynasties era (4th to 6th centuryCE) of Chinese history.Scholars generally consider Mulan to be a fictional character. Hua Mulan is depicted in theWu Shuang Pu (無雙譜,Table of Peerless Heroes) byJin Guliang.[citation needed]
According to legend, Mulan took her aged father's place in the conscription for the army by disguising herself as a man. In the story, after prolonged and distinguished military service againstnomadic hordes beyond the northern frontier, Mulan is honored by the emperor, but she declines a position of high office. She retires to her hometown, where she is reunited with her family and, much to the astonishment of her comrades, reveals herself as a woman.
The first written record of Mulan is theBallad of Mulan,[note 1] afolk song believed to have been composed during theNorthern Wei dynasty (386–535 CE) and included in an anthology of books and songs during theSouthern Chen dynasty (557–589 CE). While this anthology is itself lost, significant excerpts, including the Ballad of Mulan, survive in the Song dynasty anthologyYuefu Shiji [zh;ko;ja] (Chinese:樂府詩集).[note 2]
The historical setting of theBallad of Mulan is usually the Northern Wei's military campaigns against the nomadicRouran. A later adaptation has Mulan active around the founding of theTang dynasty (c. 620 CE).[1]
The story of Mulan was taken up in a number of later works, including the 17th-century work of historical fictionRomance of Sui and Tang [zh],[note 3] and many screen and stage adaptations.
TheBallad of Mulan was first transcribed in theMusical Records of Old and New,[note 4] a compilation of books and songs by the monk Zhijiang in theSouthern Chen dynasty in the 6th century. The earliest extant text of the poem comes from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology known as theMusic Bureau Collection,[note 5] whose author,Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions theMusical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. As aballad, the lines do not necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31couplets and is mostly composed of five-character phrases, with a few extending to seven or nine.[citation needed]
An adaptation by playwrightXu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Female Mulan"[note 6] or, more fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place",[note 7] in two acts.[2][3] Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into theRomance of Sui and Tang, a novel written by Chu Renhuo (褚人獲).[4][5]
Over time, the story of Mulan rose in popularity as a folk tale among the Chinese people.[citation needed]
The heroine of the poem is given different family names in different versions of her story. TheMusical Records of Old and New states Mulan's given name is not known and therefore implies Mulan is her surname.[6] As theBallad of Mulan is set in the Northern Wei dynasty when northern China was ruled by ethnicXianbei, aproto-Mongolic people, there is some evidence that Mulan was not ethnicHan Chinese but Xianbei, who had exclusivelycompound surnames.[6] Mulan may have been thesinified version of the Xianbei word "umran" which means prosperous.[6]
According to later books such asFemale Mulan, her family name isZhu (朱), while theRomance of Sui and Tang says it isWei (魏). The family nameHua (花;Huā; 'flower'), which was introduced byXu Wei,[2] has become the most popular in recent years, in part because of its more poetic meaning and association with the given name "Mulan" (木蘭), which literally means "magnolia".[citation needed]
Mulan's name is included inYan Xiyuan'sOne Hundred Beauties, which describes a number of women from Chinese folklore. It is still unclear whether Mulan was a historical person or just a legend, as her name does not appear inExemplary Women, a collection of biographies of women who lived during Northern Wei dynasty.[7]
AlthoughThe Ballad of Mulan itself does not expressly indicate thehistorical setting, the story is commonly attributed to the Northern Wei dynasty due to geographic and cultural references in the ballad.[6] The Northern Wei dynasty was founded by theTuoba clan of ethnicXianbei who united northern China in the 4th century CE (Conquest dynasty). The Tuoba Xianbei rulers were themselves nomads from thenorthern steppes and becamesinified as they ruled and settled in northern China.[6] The Tuoba Xianbei took on the Chinese dynasty name "Wei",changed their own surname from "Tuoba" to "Yuan", and moved the capital from Pingcheng, modern-dayDatong, Shanxi in the northern periphery ofImperial China, toLuoyang, south of theYellow River, in theCentral Plain, the traditional heartland of China.[6] The emperors of the Northern Wei were known both by the sacred Chinese title, "Son of Heaven", and by "Khagan", the title of the leader of nomadic kingdoms.The Ballad of Mulan refers to the sovereign by both titles. The Northern Wei also adopted the governing institutions of Imperial China, and the office ofshangshulang (尚書郎) the Khagan offered Mulan is a ministerial position within theshangshusheng (尚書省), the highest organ of executive power under the emperor.[8] This offering indicates Mulan was trained in the martial arts and literary arts as she was capable of serving as a civilian official charged with issuing and interpreting written government orders.[citation needed]
The Xianbei in China also retained certain nomadic traditions, and Xianbei women were typically skilled horseback riders.[6] Another popular Northern Wei folk poem called "Li Bo's Younger Sister" praises Yong Rong, Li Bo's younger sister, for her riding and archery skills.[6]The Ballad of Mulan may have reflected the gender roles and status of women in nomadic societies.[9]
The Northern Wei was engaged in protracted military conflict with the nomadicRouran, who frequently raided the northern Chinese frontier to loot and pillage.[6] Northern Wei emperors considered the Rouran to be uncivilized "barbarians" and called themRuanruan (Chinese:蠕蠕) or "wriggling worms".[10] According to theBook of Wei, the dynasty'sofficial history,Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei launched a military expedition in 429 against the Rouran by advancing on the Black Mountain and then extending northward to the Yanran Mountain.[6] Both locations are cited inThe Ballad. The Black Mountain corresponds to Shahu Mountain (殺虎山), located southeast of modern-dayHohhot in Inner Mongolia. Yan Mountain, the shorthand for Yanran Mountain (燕然山), is now known as theKhangai Mountains of centralMongolia.[10]
The Northern Wei sought to protect the frontier by establishing a string of frontier garrison commands across what is today Inner Mongolia.[citation needed]
Mulan sighs at her loom.[11][12] TheKhagan is mobilizing the military, and her father is named in each of the conscription notices from theemperor. As the eldest child, she decides to take her father's place. She buys a fine horse from the eastern market,saddle andstirrup from the western market,bridle andreins from the southern market and a longwhip from the northern market.
She bids farewell to her parents in the morning and leaves for the Black Mountain, encamping by theYellow River in the evening, where she cannot hear the calls of her parents due to the rushing waters; only the sounds of the barbarians' cavalry in the Yan Mountains. She advances ten thousandli to battle as if flying past the mountains. The sound of the sentry gong cuts through the cold night air, and the moonlight reflects off her metal armor. A hundred battles take place, and generals die.
After the ten-year campaign, the veterans return to meet theSon of Heaven (Mandate of Heaven), enthroned in the splendid palace, who confers promotions in rank and prizes of hundreds of thousands. He asks Mulan what she would like. Mulan turns down the high-ranking position ofshangshulang in the central government, and asks only for a speedy steed to take her home.
Her parents, upon hearing her return, welcome her outside their hometown. Her elder sister puts on her fine dress. Her younger brother sharpens the knife for the swine and sheep. Mulan returns to her room, changes from her tabard into her old clothes. She combs her hair by the window and, before the mirror, fastens golden yellow flowers. Her comrades are shocked to see her. For twelve years of their enlistment together, they hadn't realized that she was a woman. Mulan responses:[13][14][15]
The male hare has heavy front paws. | 雄兔腳撲朔 |
Chu Renhuo'sRomance of the Sui and Tang [zh] (c. 1675) provides additional backdrops and plot-twists.[4] Here, Mulan lives under the rule ofHeshana Khan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate. When the Khan agrees to wage war in alliance with the emergent Tang dynasty, which was poised to conquer all of China, Mulan's father Hua Hu (Chinese:花弧) fears he will be conscripted into military service since he only has two daughters and an infant son. Mulan crossdresses as a man and enlists in her father's stead. She is intercepted by the forces of the Xia kingDou Jiande and is brought under questioning by the king's warrior daughter Xianniang (Chinese:線娘), who tries to recruit Mulan as a man. Discovering Mulan to be a fellow female warrior, she is so delighted that they becomesworn sisters.[5][16]
In theSui Tang Romance, Mulan comes to a tragic end, a "detail that cannot be found in any previous legends or stories associated Hua Mulan", and believed to have beeninterpolated by the author Chu Renho.[5] Xianniang's father is vanquished after siding with the enemy of the Tang dynasty, and the two sworn sisters, with knives in their mouths, surrender themselves to be executed in the place of the condemned man. This act of filial piety wins a reprieve fromEmperor Taizong of Tang, and the imperial consort, who was birth-mother to the Emperor, bestows money to Mulan to provide for her parents, as well as wedding funds for the princess, who had confessed to having promised herself to generalLuó Chéng [zh] (Chinese:羅成).[17] In reality, Dou Jiande was executed, but in the novel he lives on as a monk.[citation needed]
Mulan is given leave to journey back to her homeland, and once arrangements were made for Mulan's parents to relocate, it is expected that they will all be living in the princess's old capital of Leshou (Chinese:樂壽, modernXian County, Hebei). Mulan is devastated to discover her father has long died and her mother has remarried. According to the novel, Mulan's mother was surnamed Yuan (袁) and remarried a man namedWei (魏). Even worse, the Khan has summoned her to the palace to become his concubine.[18]
Rather than to suffer this fate, she dies by suicide. But before she dies, she entrusts an errand to her younger sister, Youlan (Chinese:又蘭), which was to deliver Xianniang's letter to her fiancé, Luó Chéng. This younger sister dresses as a man to make her delivery, but her disguise is discovered, and it arouses her recipient's amorous attention.[19]
The Mulan character's suicide has been described as "baffling", since she is not in love or engaged to anyone. Some commentators have explained this as an anti-Qing message: the author supposedly wanted to suggest that "even a half-Chinese woman would prefer death by her own hand to serving a foreign ruler".[18] In the novel, Mulan's mother was from theCentral Plain of China, but her father was fromHebei during theNorthern Wei dynasty[20] and presumably ofXianbei origin.[18]
The story of Hua Mulan has inspired a number of screen and stage adaptations.
The Hua Mulan crater onVenus is named for her.[29][30]
ChineseWikisource has original text related to this article:乐府诗集
40–53.The Woman Warrior at theInternet Archive, available only to patrons with print disabilities.)Precious Records at theInternet Archive, available only to patrons with print disabilities.)
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