Hrothgar
QueenWealhþeow serving Hrothgar (background, centre) and his men. Illustration from a 1908 children's book.
King of Denmark
Predecessor	Halfdan
Successor	Halga
Died	6th-century AD
Spouse	Wealhþeow

Hrothgar (Old English:Hrōðgār[ˈr̥oːðɡɑːr];Old Norse:Hróarr) was asemi-legendary Danish king living around the early sixth century AD.^[1]

Hrothgar appears in theAnglo-SaxonepicsBeowulf andWidsith, in Norsesagas and poems, and in medieval Danish chronicles. In both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is aScylding, the son ofHalfdan, the brother ofHalga, and the uncle ofHrólfr Kraki. Moreover, in both traditions, the mentioned characters were the contemporaries of the Swedish kingEadgils; and both traditions also mention a feud with men namedFróði andIngeld. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same person.^[2]

Hrothgar, also renderedHrōðgār, is anOld English form attested inBeowulf andWidsith, the earliest sources to mention the character. In non-English sources, the name appears in more or less correspondingOld Icelandic,Old Danish, and Latinized versions. He appears asHróarr,Hroar, etc., in sagas and poetry, and asRo orRoe in the Danish Latin chronicles. The formHrōðgār is thought to have derived from theproto-Norse *Hrōþigaizaz^[3] "famous spear", i.e.Roger. The corresponding Old Norse nameHróarr and its variations are derived from *Hrōþigaizaz, and from the very close names *Hrōþiwarjaz "famous defender" or *Hrōþiharjaz "famous warrior".^[4]

Hrothgar appears in twoAnglo-Saxon poems,Beowulf andWidsith.Beowulf gives the fuller account of Hrothgar and how theGeatish heroBeowulf visited him to free his people from the trollish creatureGrendel.Widsith only mentions Hrothgar,Heorot, his nephewHroðulf and their enemyIngeld, but can completeBeowulf in some cases whereBeowulf does not give enough information. This is notably the case concerning the ending of his feud with Ingeld.

In theepic poemBeowulf, Hrothgar is mentioned as the builder of the great hallHeorot and ruler ofDenmark, when the Geatish hero Beowulf arrives to defeat the monsterGrendel.

When Hrothgar is introduced^[5] inBeowulf, it is explained that he was the second of four children of KingHealfdene: he had an older brother,Heorogar, who was king before him; a younger brotherHalga; and a sister, who was married to the king of Sweden. The sister is not named in the manuscript and most scholars agree this is a scribal error,^[6] but suggested names are Signy andYrsa.^[7]Friderich Kluge (1896) accordingly suggested that the line be restored ashyrde ic þ [Sigeneow wæs Sæw]elan cwen, rendering the Norse names in Old English forms. However, the only certain Swedish (Scylfing) royal name ending in -ela that has come down to us isOnela, and according to the rules of alliteration, this means that the queen's name must have begun with a vowel.Sophus Bugge consequently identified her with the Swedish queenYrsa.^[8] He thus suggested the line should be emended to readhyrde ic þ[æt Ȳrse wæs On]elan cwen. Most 20th-century translators followed this suggestion. However, in Norse tradition, Yrsa was the daughter and lover/rape victim of Hrothgar's younger brother Halga, and the mother of Halga's son Hroðulf, and most modern translators simply leave the line as it is.

The poem further tells that Hrothgar was "slain in war" and so his kinsmen eagerly followed him.^[9] He is both honest and generous: "He broke no oaths,dealt out rings, treasures at his table".^[10] When Beowulf leads his men to Denmark, he speaks of Hrothgar to both a coast-guard and to Hrothgar's herald: he calls Hrothgar a "famed king", "famed warrior", and "protector of theScyldings" (the rulingclan), and describes him as "old and good." The poet emphasizes that the Danes "did not find fault" with Hrothgar, "for that was a good King".^[11] When Beowulf defeats Grendel, Hrothgar rewards Beowulf and his men with great treasures, showing his gratitude and open-handedness.^[12] The poet says that Hrothgar is so generous that "no man could fault him, who wished to speak the truth."

Hrothgar was married to a woman namedWealhþeow, who was aHelming,^[13] probably defining her as a relative of Helm, the ruler of theWulfings.^[14] When Hrothgar welcomes Beowulf,^[15] he recalls his friendship with Beowulf's family. He met Beowulf's fatherEcgþeow "when I first ruled the Danes" after the death of Heorogar; he laments Heorogar's fall ("He was better than I!") and recalls how he settled Ecgþeow'sblood feud with the Wulfings. Hrothgar thanks God for Beowulf's arrival and victory over Grendel, and swears to love Beowulf like a son.^[16]

The poem introducesHroðulf^[17] (Hrólfr Kraki in Scandinavian sources) as Hrothgar's supporter and right-hand man; and we learn that Hroðulf is Hrothgar's nephew and that "each was true to the other".^[18] The common piece of information that Hrothgar's younger brother Halga is Hroðulf's father comes from Scandinavian sources (see below), where Halga was unaware that Yrsa was his own daughter and either raped or seduced her. Yrsa herself was tragically also the result of Halga raping a woman.

Wealhþeow has borne Hrothgar two sons,Hreðric andHroðmund, and Hroðulf is to be regent if Hrothgar dies before his sons are grown.^[19] (Since Hrothgar is an old man at this time—he tells Beowulf he has been king for "fifty winters"^[20]—and Wealhþeow's two sons are not yet grown, it seems likely that Wealhþeow is much younger than Hrothgar, and may not be his first wife.)

Hrothgar is plunged into gloom and near-despair afterGrendel's mother attacks the hall and kills Hrothgar's best friend and closest advisor;^[21] but when Beowulf advises him not to despair, and that "it is better to avenge our friends than to mourn overmuch", Hrothgar leaps to his feet and thanks God for Beowulf's wise words, and leads the Danes and Geats out to attack the small lake (mere) where Grendel's mother lives.^[22]

After Beowulf defeats Grendel's mother, Hrothgar rewards him again, and then preaches a sermon in which he warns Beowulf to beware of arrogance and forgetfulness of God.^[23]

Beowulf takes his leave of Hrothgar to return home, and Hrothgar embraces him and weeps that they will not meet again (because Hroðgar is a very old man).^[24] This is Hrothgar's last appearance in the poem. When Beowulf reports on his adventure to his lordHygelac, he mentions that Hrothgar also had a daughter,Freawaru;^[25] it is not clear whether Freawaru was also the daughter of Wealhþeow or was born of an earlier marriage. Since the Danes were in conflict with theHeaðobards, whose king Froda had been killed in a war with the Danes, Hrothgar sent Freawaru to marry Froda's son Ingeld, in an unsuccessful attempt to end the feud.^[26]

Beowulf predicts to Hygelac that Ingeld will turn against his father-in-law Hrothgar.^[27] Earlier in the poem, the poet tells us that the hall Heorot was eventually destroyed by fire:^[28]

It is tempting to interpret the new war with Ingeld as leading to the burning of the hall of Heorot, but the poem separates the two events (by ane wæs hit lenge þā meaning "nor far way was that day when", in Gummere's translation). According toWidsith (see below), Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeat Ingeld, and if Scandinavian tradition (see the more detailed discussion below) is to be trusted Hrothgar himself is killed by a relative,^[30] or by the king of Sweden,^[31] but he is avenged by his younger brother Halga. Halga dies in a Viking expedition; Hroðulf succeeds him and rises in fame, and according to Hroðulf's own saga^[32] and other sources,^[33] Hroðulf's cousin and/or brother-in-lawHeoroweard slays Hroðulf (is this the event referred to as the burning of Heorot?). Heoroweard himself dies in that battle, and according to two sources,^[34] this happens only a few hours later, as an act of vengeance by a man loyal to Hroðulf, called Wigg. This is the kin-slaying end of the Scylding dynasty.

WhereasBeowulf never dwells on the outcome of the battle with Ingeld, the possibly older poemWidsith refers to Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeating Ingeld atHeorot:

This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hrothgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (seeGesta Danorum,Hrólf Kraki's saga andSkjöldunga saga, below, for more information). The Norse sources also deal with the defeat of Ingeld and/or Froda.

In the Scandinavian sources, consisting ofNorse sagas, Icelandic poems and Danish chronicles, Hrothgar also appears as a Danish king of theScylding dynasty. He remains the son ofHealfdene and the elder brother of Halga.^[35] Moreover, he is still the uncle ofHroðulf. The Scandinavian sources also agree withBeowulf by making Hrothgar contemporary with the Swedish kingEadgils.^[36] These agreements withBeowulf are remarkable considering that these sources were composed fromoral tradition 700 to 800 years after the events described, and 300 to 400 years later thanBeowulf andWidsith.

There are also notable differences. The Heaðobards Ingeld and Froda also appear in Scandinavian tradition, but their tribe, the Heaðobards, had long been forgotten, and instead the tribal feud was rendered as a family feud. Their relationship as father and son had also been reversed in some sources,^[37] and so either Ingeld or Froda is given as the brother of Healfdene. Ingeld or Froda murdered Healfdene, but was himself killed in revenge by Hrothgar and Halga. Moreover, in Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is a minor character in comparison to his nephew Hroðulf. Such differences indicate thatBeowulf and Scandinavian sources represent separate traditions.

The names of Hrothgar and others appear in the form they had inOld Icelandic or LatinizedOld Danish at the time the stories were put to paper, and not in theirOld English or more "authentic"Proto-Norse forms.^[3]

It has been a matter of some debate whether the hero Beowulf could have the same origin as Hroðulf'sberserkerBödvar Bjarki, who appears in Scandinavian sources.^[38]

Among these sources, it is the most famous one, theHrólfr Kraki's saga, which is most different fromBeowulf, and a notable difference is that Hrothgar leaves the rule of Denmark to his younger brother Halga and moves toNorthumbria. The focus is consequently on theHrólfr Kraki's saga when a scholar questions the comparison of Hrothgar and other characters fromBeowulf with counterparts in Scandinavian tradition. Scandinavian sources have added some information that appear inBeowulf studies, without having any founding in the work itself, such as the information that Halga was, or probably was, Hroðulf's father. Another example is the existence of a woman namedYrsa, who, however, has been transposed to a role she never had in any source texts, that of Hrothgar's sister.

In Icelandic sources, Hrothgar, Halga and Hroðulf appear under theOld Icelandic forms of their names; that is, asHróarr,Helgi andHrólfr, the last one with the epithetKraki. In the case of theSkjöldunga saga ("Saga of the Scyldings") only a Latin summary has survived, and so their names are Latinized. The Icelandic sources can be divided into two groups: theHrólfr Kraki's saga on the one hand, and theSkjöldunga saga andBjarkarímur on the other. Both groups tell a version of Hrothgar and Halga's feud with Froda (Fróði) and Ingeld (Ingjaldr). However, whereas theHrólfr Kraki's saga make Froda the brother of Healfdene, theSkjöldunga saga andBjarkarímur make Ingeld the brother of Healfdene.Hrólfr Kraki's saga also disagrees with all the other works by moving Hrothgar from the throne of Denmark to Northumbria.

Hrólfr Kraki's saga relates that Halfdan has three children,Hróarr, Helgi, and the daughter Signý, who is married to Sævil Jarl. Halfdan has a brother namedFróði and both of them rule a kingdom, but Halfdan is good-natured and friendly, whereas Fróði is savage. Fróði attacks and kills Halfdan and makes himself the king of a united Denmark. He then sets out to neutralize his nephews Hróarr and Helgi. However, the two brothers survive on an island, protected by a man called Vivil; and after some adventure they avenge their father by killing Fróði.

Hróarr is presented as "meek and blithe", and he is completely removed from ruling the kingdom, leaving the rule to his brother Helgi. Instead he joins Norðri, the king ofNorthumberland, where he marries Ögn, the king's daughter. As recompense for Hróarr's share of the Danish kingdom, Helgi gives him a golden ring.

Sævil Jarl's son Hrókr (Hróarr and Helgi's nephew) becomes jealous that he has not inherited anything from his grandfather Halfdan; he goes to his uncle Helgi to claim his inheritance. Helgi refuses to give him a third of Denmark, and so instead he goes to Northumbria to claim the golden ring. He asks Hróarr if he at least could have a look at the ring, whereupon he takes the ring and throws it into the water. Hróarr naturally becomes angry, and cuts off Hrókr's feet and sends him back to his ships. Hrókr cannot live with this, and so he returns with a large army and slays Hróarr. Helgi avenges his brother by also cutting off Hrókr's arms. Hróarr's son Agnar retrieves the ring by diving in the water, which gives him great glory. Agnar is said to have become greater than his father, and much talked of in the old sagas.

Helgi attacks Sweden to retrieve Yrsa, his daughter and lover, but is killed by Aðils, the king of Sweden. He is succeeded by Hrólfr Kraki, his son by Yrsa.

Although it agrees with all the other Scandinavian sources in telling the story of Halga's incestuous relationship with his daughter Yrsa, it disagrees with all of them and withBeowulf by removing Hrothgar altogether as the king of Denmark. Instead, his place is taken by his brother Halga, and Hrothgar is sent to Northumberland, where he marries Ögn, the daughter of a positively fictive king Norðri who is named after Northumberland (Norðimbraland). Opinion is divided on whether there is any connection between Hrothgar's wifeWealhþeow inBeowulf and his wife Ögn inHrólfr Kraki's saga; it has been suggested that Ögn shows that Wealhþeow and her family (the Helmings) were Anglo-Saxon.^[38] Another difference is that Hrothgar's sonsHreðric and Hroðmund do not appear in the Scandinavian tradition, but correspond to Agnar, inHrólfr Kraki's saga.

TheSkjöldunga saga^[38][39] andBjarkarímur^[38] tell a similar version to that of theHrólfr Kraki's saga, but with several striking differences. Ingeld (Ingjaldus) ofBeowulf reappears, but it is Ingeld who is the father of Froda (Frodo), and unlike inHrólf Kraki's saga, Ingeld takes Froda's place as the half-brother of Healfdene (Haldan).

The sources relate that Haldan has a half-brother named Ingjaldus and a queen Sigrith with whom he has three children: the sonsRoas and Helgo and the daughter Signy.

Ingjaldus is jealous of his half-brother Haldan and so he attacks and kills him, and then marries Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith then have two sons named Rærecus and Frodo. Their half-sister Signy stays with her mother until she is married to Sævil, thejarl ofZealand. Ingjaldus, who is worried that his nephews will want revenge, tries to find them and kill them, but Roas and Helgo survive by hiding on an island nearSkåne. When they are old enough, they avenge their father by killing Ingjaldus.

The two brothers both become kings of Denmark, and Roas marries the daughter of the king of England. When Helgo's son Rolfo (whom Helgo begat with his own daughter Yrsa) is eight years old, Helgo dies and Rolfo succeeds him. Not much later, Roas is killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo becomes the sole king of Denmark.

This version agrees with all other versions of the legend of Hrothgar (Roas) and Halga (Helgo) by making them sons of Healfdene (Haldan) and by presenting Hrothgar as the uncle of Hroðulf (Rolfo). It agrees withBeowulf andHrólfr Kraki's saga by mentioning that they had a sister, and by dealing with their feud with Froda (Frodo) and Ingeld (Ingjaldus), although there is a role reversal by making Ingeld the father of Froda instead of the other way round. It agrees with the other Scandinavian versions by treating Halga's incestuous relationship with his own daughter Yrsa. Moreover, it agrees with all other versions, except forHrólfr Kraki's saga, by presenting Hrothgar as a king of Denmark, although it agrees withHrólfr Kraki's saga by marrying Hrothgar to an Anglo-Saxon woman. Another agreement withHrólfr Kraki's saga is the information that their sister was married to a Sævil Jarl, and that they had to hide on an island fleeing their kin-slaying uncle, before they could kill him and avenge their father.

TheOld Norse genealogy workHversu Noregr byggdist tells that Hróarr had a son namedValdar, the father ofHarald the Old, the father ofHalfdan the Valiant, the father ofIvar Vidfamne, who was the maternal grandfather ofHarald Wartooth. Harald fell at theBattle of the Brávellir against his nephewSigurd Hring, a king of Sweden and the father ofRagnar Lodbrok.

This account is not about presenting the life of Hrothgar, but in presenting howHarald Fairhair was descended from kings and heroes in Scandinavian legend. The only reason for assuming that Hróarr is the same as Hrothgar, the Scylding, is that only Hrothgar would be a personage of old so famous so as not to need any further identification than his name. However, theSkjöldunga saga tells that a Valdar disputed thatRörek, the cousin of Halga succeeded Hroðulf (Hrólfr Kraki) as the king of theDaner. After the war, Rörek took Zealand, while Valdar tookSkåne. If based on the same tradition asHversu Noregr byggdist, Valdar had the right to claim the throne being the son of the former king Hrothgar.

In theChronicon Lethrense,Annales Lundenses andGesta Danorum (12th-century works of Danish history, written in Latin), King Hrothgar is mentioned by theOld Danish form of the nameRo orRoe. His fatherHealfdene appears asHaldan orHaldanus, while his brother Halga appears asHelghe orHelgo.Hroðulf appears with an epithet asRoluo Krage orRolf Krage. Their Swedish enemy, King Eadgils, appears asAthislus orAthisl (theChronicon Lethrense calls himHakon.)

The only Danish work that retains traditions of the feud with Ingeld and Froda is theGesta Danorum.

TheChronicon Lethrense and the includedAnnales Lundenses report thatRo and Helghe were the sons of Haldan, who died of old age. The two brothers shared the rule, Ro taking the land and Helghe the water. They also tell that Ro founded and gave his name to the market town ofRoskilde^[40] and that he was buried inLejre. However, before Ro's nephew Rolf Krage (Hroðulf), who was Helghe's son by his own daughterYrse, could ascend the throne, the rule of Denmark was given to a dog, on the orders of the Swedish king Hakon/Athisl^[41] (that is, Eadgils).

TheChronicon Lethrense and theAnnales Lundenses agree withBeowulf in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and his brother Halga (Helghe) as the sons of Healfdene (Haldan). They do not, however, contain a character description asBeowulf does; nor do they mention his spouse or his children. However, they introduce a sharing of power between Hrothgar and Halga where Halga only had power over the fleet. Hrothgar is reported as founding the town of Roskilde, which coincides with the information inBeowulf that he built Heorot. The information that Hroðulf (Rolf) was the result of an incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrse only appears in Scandinavian tradition. LikeBeowulf, theAnnales Lundenses makes Hrothgar the contemporary of Eadgils (Athisl), whereas theChronicon Lethrense calls the Swedish kingHakon.

TheGesta Danorum (book 2), bySaxo Grammaticus, contains roughly the same information asBeowulf, theChronicon Lethrense and theAnnales Lundenses: that is, that Ro was the son of Haldanus and the brother of Helgo, and the uncle of his successor Roluo Krage (Hroðulf). It is only said about Ro that he was "short and spare", that he founded the town ofRoskilde, and that when their father Haldanus died of old age, he shared the rule of the kingdom with his brother Helgo, Ro taking the land and Helgo the water.

Ro could not defend his kingdom against the Swedish kingHothbrodd, who was not happy with warring in the East but wished to test his strength against the Danes (Oliver Elton's translation):

Fain to extend his empire, he warred upon the East, and after a huge massacre of many peoples begat two sons, Athisl and Hother, and appointed as their tutor a certain Gewar, who was bound to him by great services. Not content with conquering the East, he assailed Denmark, challenged its king, Ro, in three battles, and slew him.

Ro was, however, avenged by his brother Helgo, who then promptly went east and died in shame (because he discovered that he had fathered Roluo Krake with his own daughterUrse.) Roluo succeeded his father and uncle to the Danish throne.

TheGesta Danorum also agrees withBeowulf in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and Halga (Helgo) as brothers and the sons of Healfdene (Haldanus). Moreover, like theChronicon Lethrense and theAnnales Lundenses, it presents Hroðulf (Roluo) as the son of Halga and his own daughter. A striking difference is that the Swedish king Eadgils (Athisl) is pushed forward a generation, and instead, Saxo introduces Hrothgar's killer Hothbrodd as the father of Eadgils, a place that other sources give toOhthere. A similar piece of information is also found in theChronicon Lethrense and theAnnales Lundenses, where Halga had to kill a man named Hodbrod to win all of Denmark. However, Saxo also adds the godHöðr as the brother of Eadgils in order to present aeuhemerized version of theBaldr myth, later.

The tradition of the feud with theHeaðobards Ingeld and Froda appears twice in theGesta Danorum.^[38] The first time it tells of the feud is Book 2, where Ingeld (calledIngild) appears with the son Agnar. In this version, Ingeld's son was about to marry Hroðulf's sister Rute, but a fight broke out and Agnar died in a duel withBödvar Bjarki (calledBiarco).

The second time it tells of Froda and Ingeld is in Book 7, but here Hrothgar is replaced by aHarald and Halga by aHaldanus.^[38] It is the Scandinavian version of the feud, similar to the one told in theSkjöldunga saga,Bjarkarímur andHrólfr Kraki's saga, where the Heaðobards are forgotten and the feud with Froda and Ingeld has become a family feud. The main plot is that Ingeld had the sons Frodo (Froda) and Harald (corresponds to Healfdene). The relationship between Ingeld and Froda was thus reversed, a reversal also found in theSkjöldunga saga and in theBjarkarímur. Froda killed his brother and tried to get rid of his nephews Harald (corresponds to Hrothgar) and Haldanus (corresponds to Halga). After some adventures, the two brothers burnt their uncle to death inside his house and avenged their father.

With the exception ofHversu Noregr byggdist, where he is only a name in a list, three elements are common to all of the accounts: he was the son of a Danish king Healfdene, the brother of Halga, and he was the uncle of Hroðulf. Apart from that, the Scandinavian tradition is unanimous in dwelling on the incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrsa which resulted in Hroðulf, a story which was either not presented inBeowulf or was not known to the poet. The Danish sources (Chronicon Lethrense,Annales Lundenses,Gesta Danorum) all agree withBeowulf by making Hrothgar the king of Denmark. The Icelandic (Skjöldunga saga,Bjarkarímur,Hrólf Kraki's saga) all agree withBeowulf by mentioning that they had a sister, and by mentioning their feud with Froda and Ingeld, albeit with alterations. What is unique to the Icelandic versions are the adventures of Hrothgar and Halga before one of the two brothers could become king.

The similarities betweenBeowulf and the mentioned Scandinavian sources are by far not the only ones. Other personalities mentioned inBeowulf appear in the stories before and after dealing with Hrothgar, but for more, seeorigins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki.

• Kluge, Friedrich (1896). "Der Beowulf und die Hrolfs Saga Kraka." Englische Studien 22, pp. 144–45.
• Nerman, Birger (1925). "Det svenska rikets uppkomst".
• "Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1911; pp. 82 ff.
• Beowulf:
• Beowulf read aloud in Old English
  • Modern English translation byFrancis Barton Gummere
  • Modern English translation byJohn Lesslie Hall
  • Ringler, Dick.Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
  • Several different Modern English translationsArchived 2011-07-20 at theWayback Machine
• Widsith:
  • Widsith, A Verse Translation by Douglas B. Killings
  • Widsith, a translation by Bella Millett
• Chronicon Lethrense andAnnales Lundense:
  • Chronicon Lethrense andAnnales Lundenses in translation by Peter Tunstall
  • The same translation at Northvegr
• Book 2 ofGesta Danorum at the Online Medieval & Classical library
• Book 7 ofGesta Danorum at the Online Medieval & Classical library
• The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
• Hrólf Kraki's saga in English translation at Northvegr

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• Characters in Beowulf
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