House of Representatives Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat | |
|---|---|
| 2024–2029 Period [id] | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Established |
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| Preceded by | |
New session started | 1 October 2024 |
| Leadership | |
Vacant | |
Deputy Speaker | |
Deputy Speaker | |
Deputy Speaker | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 580 |
 | |
Political groups | Government (348)
Confidence and supply (232) |
Length of term | Five years |
| Authority | Passing laws and budgets (together with the President); oversight on executive branch |
| Elections | |
| Party-list proportional representation | |
Last election | 14 February 2024 |
Next election | 2029 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Nusantara II Building, Parliamentary Complex Jakarta,Indonesia | |
| Website | |
| dpr.go.id | |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Indonesia |
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6°12′37″S106°48′00″E / 6.21028°S 106.80000°E /-6.21028; 106.80000TheHouse of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia,lit. 'People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia',abbr.DPR-RI or simplyDPR) is one of two elected chambers of thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature ofIndonesia. It is considered thelower house, while theRegional Representative Council (DPD) serves as theupper house; while theIndonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.
Members of the DPR are elected through ageneral election every five years. Currently, there are 580 members; an increase compared to 575 prior to the2024 elections.[1][2] Its members are called Members of Parliament (anggota dewan).[3]
In 1915, members of the Indonesian nationalist organisationBudi Utomo and others toured the Netherlands to argue for the establishment of a legislature for theDutch East Indies, and in December 1916 a bill was passed to establish aVolksraad (People's Council).[4] It met for the first time in 1918. Ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters. The body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people.[5]
In 1925, theVolksraad gained some legislative powers. It had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and remained nothing more than a gesture.[5]
In 1940, after theGerman invasion of the Netherlands, and the fleeing of theDutch government to exile in London, there was a motion calling for an inquiry into turning it into a quasi-legislature, but this was withdrawn after a negative response from the government.[6] In July 1941, theVolksraad passed a motion calling for the creation of a militia made up of up to 6,000 Indonesians.[7] In February 1942, theJapanese invasion began, and in May 1942 the Dutch formally dissolved theVolksraad. It was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments.[8]
The Japaneseinvaded Dutch East Indies in 1942. By 1943, the tide had turned against them, and to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors (sanyo) to the administration and appointedSukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board (Chuo Sangi-kai) inJakarta.[9] In March 1945, the Japanese established theInvestigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan) or BPUPK, chaired byRadjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno,Hatta andThamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles ofPancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed.[10][11]
On 7 August, the day after theatomic bombing of Hiroshima, thePreparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman. The twoproclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August.[12] On 18 August, the PPKI accepted the constitution drawn up by the BPUPK as the provisionalConstitution of Indonesia and decided that during a six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, who would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. The upper chamber, thePeople's Consultative Assembly would then have six months to draw up a new constitution, leaving open the possibility that this would be an entirely new document free of the influence of the situation prevailing duringWorld War II.[11] The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president.[13]
TheCentral Indonesian National Committee (Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independentIndonesia,Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. It was originally planned to have a purely advisory function, but on 18 October, Vice-president Hatta issuedEdict No.X transferring the powers the Constitution conferred on the People's Consultative Assembly and House of Representatives from the president to the KNIP. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee whose first leaders wereSutan Sjahrir andAmir Sjarifuddin.[14][15]
During theWar of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Therefore, the KNIP acted as the upper house, the People's Consultative Assembly in the constitution, meeting only infrequently to discuss fundamental and pressing national issues, while the Working Committee acted as the day-to-day parliament fulfilling the duties of the House of Representatives during wartime.[16]
In January 1948, the Dutch authorities established the Provisional Federal Council for Indonesia (Voorlopige Federale Raad voor Indonesia) comprising Lieutenant GovernorHubertus van Mook and eight Indonesians chosen by him to represent the views of Indonesia. Two months later, the council made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-warVolksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government (Voorlopige Federale Regering). This body invited heads of the states making up theUnited States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined to establish theFederal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg or BFO) to represent the federal regions.[17]
Following the transfer of sovereignty to theUnited States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted abicameral system, with a 150-member House of Representatives (DPR-RIS) and aSenate with two representatives from each of the 16 component areas of the RIS. Initially the House of Representatives had 50 MPs appointed from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 MPs coming from the other 15 component states of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year. The KNIP and its Working Committee had its final sessions held before adjorningsine die on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS, and the planned 50 would transfer to the new RIS House of Representatives.[18]
This House of Representatives had its opening session on 15 February 1950 at the former Sociëteit Concordia Building on Jalan Wahidin, Jakarta. Most of the sessions were held in this building, but it also met at other buildings, including theHotel Des Indies. The DPR-RIS passed seven laws in its six months of existence, but was soon overtaken by events as the federal system collapsed as the individual states dissolved themselves into the unitary Republic of Indonesia.[18][19][20] The House adjourned for the last time on 16 August the same year.
Given that the Republic of Indonesia did not want the RIS parliament to become the legislature of the unitary republic, in May 1950, Hatta and representatives from the federal states agreed to establish a new legislature comprising the 150 members of the RIS House of Representatives, 46 members of the KNIP Working Committee, 13 from the Republic of IndonesiaSupreme Advisory Council, and 32 RIS senators, making 241 members. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being.
TheProvisional House of Representatives met for the first time on 16 August 1950. By then there had been minor changes to the agreed composition as three RIS senators had refused to take their seats and 21 representatives from the State of Pasundan were replaced by 19 members appointed by the Republic. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, which was narrowly won bySartono of theIndonesian National Party (PNI).Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. Its main rival, the PNI had 36 seats and no other party had more than 17.[21]
In 1952, the DPR demanded a reorganisation of theMinistry of Defense and the dismissal of the Army leadership in response to military opposition to troop reductions. This led to the '17 October 1952' incident with large-scale demonstrations at the presidential palace by soldiers and civilians demanding the DPR be dissolved. The crowd dispersed after Sukarno addressed it.[22]
Despite the election bill being introduced in 1951, it was not passed until 1953 andelections were finally held in 1955.[23] The results surprised everybody. TheIndonesian Socialist Party (PSI) did worse than expected, as did Masyumi, while theIndonesian Communist Party (PKI) did better than predicted. Following the election, the PNI and Masyumi had 57 seats each, theNahdlatul Ulama had 45 and the PKI 39. There were now 28 parties in parliament, compared with 20 before the election. Only 63 of the 257 pre-election members of parliament still maintain their seats, but there were 15 women members compared with eight before. The new parliament met on 26 March 1956, forming the first electedHouse of Representatives (1956–1959).
Over the next few years, public dissatisfaction with the political parties grew. In 1957, Sukarno announced his concept of a national unity cabinet and a National Council made up of functional groups to advise the cabinet. This council was established in May 1957. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued adecree, which as well as reviving the provisional1945 Constitution, dissolved parliament.[24]
The new DPR took office on 22 July 1959. It accepted the president's decree by acclamation and said it was ready to work as stipulated by the 1945 Constitution. However, in March 1960 it unexpectedly rejected the government's budget. Sukarno then dissolved it as it was seen as no longer fulfilling the president's hopes that it would work with him in the spirit of the 1945 Constitution, Guided Democracy and the Political manifesto (Manipol, referring to Sukarno's 1959 Independence Day speech). The DPR session adjourned on 24 Junesine die.[25][26]
Sukarno then used this difference of opinion with the legislature as justification for the establishment of a Mutual Assistance House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong, DPR-GR). The membership was no longer based on the results of the 1955 election, but was determined by the president, who could appoint and dismiss members at will, as well as its speaker. Political opponents were sidelined, and some who opposed the establishment of the DPR-GR refused to take their seats. AsMasyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party did not agree with Sukarno, they were given no seats, meaning there was no longer a parliamentary opposition. A number of representatives from various functional groups including the National Armed Forces were also appointed to the House. As of mid-1962, there were 281 MPs; 130 from 10 political parties, 150 sectoral representatives and 1 representative fromWest Irian.
The responsibilities and duties of the parliament were dramatically curtailed as it was reduced to helping the government implement its policies. In 1960 it produced only 9 laws, compared with 87 in 1958 and 29 in 1959. It became little more than a rubber stamp for Sukarno's policies. For example, it passed a law allowing volunteers to be sent to participate in theConfrontation with Malaysia.[27][28]
Following the coup attempt of the30 September Movement in 1965, which was officially blamed on theIndonesian Communist Party (PKI), the DPR-GR was purged of PKI members – 57 communist members were removed from their seats.[29] On 14 November parliament resumed without the PKI MPs, including deputy speakerM.H. Lukman. In 1969, the government passed an election law that set the membership of the DPR at 360 elected and 100 appointed MPs. The number of representatives from the military increased to 75 - including police officers.Elections were finally held in 1971, having been delayed to allow preparations to ensure a victory for the government'sGolkar organisation.[30][31][32]
Following the election, the wordsGotong Royong were removed and the body became theDewan Perwakilan Rakyat again. In 1973 the remaining political parties were reduced to two, theUnited Development Party and theIndonesian Democratic Party. For the remainder of the New Order,Golkar won absolute majorities at every elections, while the parliament did not produce a single law on its own initiative, its role being reduced to passing laws proposed by the government.[30][33][34]
In May 1998, PresidentSuhartostepped down, leading to Indonesia's firstfree elections since 1955 taking place the following year. Of the 500 seats, 462 were elected, while 38 seats were reserved for the military/police. In the2004 elections, all 550 seats were elected. In the2009 elections the number of seats was increased to 560, For the2019 elections this rose to 575, and for the2024 elections this rose again to 580. These are elected in 84constituencies, each electing between 3 and 10 members depending on their electorates. Each of the 38 provinces comprises a whole number of constituencies, with the majority of provinces having a single constituency. There are now no appointed military officers in the legislature.[35][36]
As is common in countries with presidential system, the President does not hold the power to suspend or dissolve the DPR.[37] On the other hand, the legislature does not have full control over the President or the government in whole.
Under Article 20A of the amended1945 Constitution, the DPR has three main functions:legislative,budgeting, andoversight. Thelegislative function of the DPR consists of:[38]
Thebudgeting function of the DPR consists of:[38]
Theoversight function of the DPR consists of:[38]
The 1945 Constitution guarantees several rights of the DPR.[39] Especially in regard to the oversight function, they include the right to question the government regarding any government policy considered important, strategic, and impactful (Hak Interpelasi); the right to investigate allegations of breach of the Laws by government policy (Hak Angket); and the right to express opinions (Hak Menyatakan Pendapat) on any government policy, on extraordinary domestic or foreign events, on the follow up of the exercise of the rights to question and to investigate government policy, as well as on the initial impeachment process of the President and/or the Vice President.
The MPs themselves are vested with rights in order to execute their duties. They include:[40]
The House of Representatives has 580 members resulting from the2024 legislative election. The representatives come from 8 political partiesfactions.
| Political party | Parliamentary group | Seats | Political affiliation/coalition | Chair of the parliamentary group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle | PDI-P Faction [id] | 110 | Coalition supply | Utut Adianto(Central Java VII) Minority floor leader |
| Golkar Party | Golkar Faction [id] | 102 | Presidential coalition | Muhammad Sarmuji [id](East Java VI) |
| Gerindra Party | Gerindra Faction [id] | 86 | Presidential coalition | Budi Djiwandono(East Kalimantan) Majority floor leader |
| NasDem Party | NasDem Faction [id] | 69 | Coalition supply | Viktor Laiskodat(East Nusa Tenggara II) |
| National Awakening Party | PKB Faction [id] | 68 | Presidential coalition | Jazilul Fawaid [id](East Java X) |
| Prosperous Justice Party | PKS Faction [id] | 53 | Coalition supply | Abdul Kharis Almasyhari [id](Central Java V) |
| National Mandate Party | PAN Faction [id] | 48 | Presidential coalition | Putri Zulkifli Hasan(Lampung I) |
| Democratic | Democratic Faction [id] | 44 | Presidential coalition | Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono(East Java VII) |
| Total | 580 | |||
In the House of Representatives of the Reepublic of Indonesia a faction or fraction (Indonesian:Fraksi, has a similarities toFraktion in Germany) is a parliamentary group formed by members of the house based on their political party affiliation. Each political party that wins seats in the DPR forms its own faction, while smaller parties that do not meet the minimum membership requirement may combine to create a joint faction.
Factions coordinate legislative work, determine members’ assignments in commissions and bodies, and shape party stances on legislation and government oversight. The number and composition of factions vary after each general election, depending on the political parties that pass the parliamentary threshold and win seats in the DPR.[41]
The DPR leadership consist of a Speaker and four Deputy Speakers. The most recent Speaker's election was conducted under provisions ofLaw No. 13/2019 (Amendment) of theLaw No. 17/2014 on the MPR, DPR, DPRD, and DPRD; popularly known as UU MD3. The Speaker's seat is reserved to the political party with largest number of representation in the chamber, and the four Deputy Speakership are reserved to the second, third, fourth, and fifth largest political parties respectively.[42]
Each Deputy Speakers oversee the operation of the following Council organs:
Most, but not all, of the business of the House are conducted through the commissions, akin to thestanding committee of theUnited States Congress. Currently, there are eleven commissions.
TheOpposition is a term used to describe political parties which are represented in the DPR, but not in the cabinet, and thus organized themselves as an opposition faction. However it is not a formal term and they considered themselves a 'critical partner of the government'.[53]
During the2019 Election, the incumbent president Joko Widodo ('Jokowi') led a majority coalition of ten parties[54] which already supported him during the previous2014 Election. Opposing him isPrabowo Subianto, who led a minority coalition of five parties.[55] Eventually after the election, the Jokowi Administration invited Gerindra and PAN into the governing coalition, appointing Subianto as Defence Minister.[56] Prior to the end of Jokowi's presidency, Demokrat was invited to join the government,[57] making PKS the only opposition party that served as such for full 10 years.
Under the current Subianto's Administration, there is virtually no opposition parties in the parliament. The opposition coalition effectively went into dormancy.[citation needed]
Some observers thought thatPKS will remain in opposition, in which they had fully served during the 10 years ofJoko Widodo's presidency. After the2024 general election, the party joinedKIM Plus and declared support for Prabowo. However, PKS did not joined the government. Similarly,NasDem also declared support for Prabowo's administration but did not joined the government.[58] Both PKS and NasDem offeredsupply to the current governing coalition.
In this predicament, many hoped thatPDI-P will act as the main opposition to Prabowo's administration. PDI-P joined the 2024 presidential election as a fierce opponent against the KIM coalition and they did not immediately declare support after Prabowo won the election and took office. However, after Prabowo's inauguration, PDI-P cadreAhmad Basarah states that PDI-P did not adhere to the opposition system[59] and initially insisted they were neutral,[60] but PDI-P chairwomanMegawati is considered to have a close personal relationship to Prabowo and there were rumors that there was a secret coalition between them.[61] In recent developments, Megawati has announced her party's stances to support the government,[62] effectively ending any opposition in the parliament.
The DPR has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high levels of fraud andcorruption.[63]
Throughout its history, the legislature has convened in multiple buildings.
TheVolksraad convened in theVolksraadgebouw (Building of the Volksraad) since 1918 until 1942 during Japanese occupation when it was dissolved. Today the building is known asGedung Pancasila, located within theForeign Ministry complex, and is still used for hosting important state events.[64]
In August 1945, theKNIP was established to assist the President in the early days of Indonesian independence. Soon after, KNIP was granted legislative powers and would function as a legislature until a democratically elected national legislature can be formed. Meanwhile, the presidential system was replaced by parliamentary system, andSutan Syahrir was appointed as the first prime minister of Indonesia. Due to the unstable situation during those days, the KNIP was unable to convene in single, permanent place.[64]
The first meeting of the KNIP following its inauguration was held on 29 August inSchouwburg Weltevreden, today known asGedung Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Art Building). Due to lack of available working space, the secretariat was run from the defunctJawa Hokokai headquarters close toLapangan Banteng. Meanwhile, second meeting of the KNIP was held on 16 and 17 October in oldBinnenhof Hotel in Kramat Raya street, Jakarta. The secretariat was also moved, this time to a building in Cilacap street, now occupied by aMarriott hotel. Third meeting of the KNIP was held in a building in Prince Diponegoro street, now known as PSKD 1 Senior High School, situated right across theCentraal Burgerlijke Ziekenhuis (which now constitutes part of theCipto Mangunkusumo Central Hospital).[64]
Fourth meeting of the KNIP was held not in Jakarta, but inSurakarta in Central Java. It was held in Gedung Republik Indonesia, from 28 February until 3 March. The Working Committee (the permanent standing committee of the KNIP) and the secretariat later moved toHotel van Laar inPurworejo, provided by the regent of Purworejo. Fifth meeting of the KNIP was held on 25 February until 3 March 1946 inSocieteit Concordia Building inMalang, East Java. Following the fifth meeting, the Working Committee and the secretariat again moved to Yogyakarta, temporarily occupying an Indonesian Red Cross building, before later moved toLoge Theosofie Building (part ofGedung Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Yogyakarta) in Malioboro, occupying it until 1950. Few years later, the sixth meeting of the KNIP was held on 6th until 15 December 1949 in Sitihinggil Keraton (part of theYogyakarta Kraton).[64]
Following the agreement reached during the1949 Round Table Conference, afederal constitution was drafted for Indonesia, and thus KNIP was dissolved and replaced by the DPR-RIS. The Parliament was now able to settle down, although the venues might move. Established along with it was the Federal Senate, which served as an upper house, separate from the DPR-RIS. This parliament was inaugurated on 16 February 1950 in Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta, now located within the Finance Ministry complex (not to be confused with Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung, now known asGedung Merdeka). Following the inauguration, meetings were held instead in the upper floor ofHotel Des Indes. The hotel was later demolished in 1971 and replaced by Duta Merlin Shopping Center on its site.[64]
After the federal system collapsed and Indonesia returned to its unitary form in 1950, aprovisional constitution established a provisional parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara/DPRS), as well as a constitutional assembly (Konstituante) for drafting a new, permanent constitution for Indonesia. The DPRS convened in Jakarta, while the Konstituante convened in Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung.[64]
The DPRS was finally replaced by a proper DPR afterSeptember 1955 election was held, followed shortly with theDecember 1955 election for electing members of the Konstituante.[64]
Following years of political instability, as well as the Konstituante's failure to draft a new constitution,in 1959 President Sukarno assumed executive powers and ordered to return to the 1945 Constitution, dismantling the parliamentary system of governance that had run since KNIP was granted legislative powers in 1945. Through executive orders and decisions, the provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara/MPRS), the national legislature of Indonesia as prescribed by the 1945 Constitution, was finally established alongside various other constitutional bodies.[64]
The DPR based on 1955 election was later dissolved in 1960, and replaced with DPR-GR (GR stands for Gotong Royong), whose members were appointed by the President. The DPR-GR first used the Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta to convene and then moved to Gedung Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat near Lapangan Banteng, while the MPRS convened inGedung Merdeka in Bandung. Because most members of the MPRS were residents of Jakarta, a branch secretariat of the MPRS was established in Jakarta and occupied Stannia Building on Cik Ditiro street.[64]
In 1964 DPR-GR moved to convene in a temporary building within Senayan Sport Complex while the DPR Building went under renovation. This temporary building previously served as the headquarter for 1962 Asian Games construction and development office (Komando Urusan Pembangunan Asian Games/KUPAG).Events following the September 30th Movement in 1965, however, moved the renovation process to a halt. The DPR-GR was forced to use the basketball court building previously used in 1964 Asian Games. The 1966 MPRS General Session and 1967 MPRS Special Session was held in the Gedung Istana Olah Raga (Istora).[64]
After the 1962 Asian Games, President Sukarno ordered the construction of a building complex next to Senayan Sport Complex, to be used as a political venues for a "Conference of the New Emerging Forces" (CONEFO) to rival the United Nations, and international games to be held next door asGANEFO to rival the Olympics. The chief architect for this project wasSoejoedi Wirjoatmodjo, a graduate ofTechnische Universität Berlin and head of the Department of Architecture inBandung Institute of Technology.[65]
The constructions was halted following President Sukarno's fall from power, and the project later resumed underSuharto presidency, when it was officially promulgated withAmpera Cabinet Presidium Decision No. 79/U/Kep/11/1966, dated 9 November 1966 that the old CONEFO political venues project were to be repurposed for the national legislature.[65]
The construction proceeded gradually; Main Conference Building completed in March 1968, Secretariat Building in March 1978, Auditorium Building in September 1982, and Banquet Building in February 1983.[64][66][67]
The MPR/DPR Complex in Senayan, Jakarta remains the seat of Indonesia's legislature to this day.
With the fall of President Soeharto and his New Order regime, a wave of political and social reform appeared in Indonesia, primarily in the form of four amendments of the 1945 Constitutions. A new chamber of the legislature,Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Regional Representative Council), was established and occupied the same site as MPR and DPR.[68]
During Widodo Administration,a plan to move the national capital to Kalimantan was announced. The legislatures are planned to be moved there alongside many other central government bodies.[69]
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