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House of Khalifa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ruling family of Bahrain

House of Khalifa
آل خليفة
Royal house
Parent houseHouse of Utbah
CountryBahrain
Founded1766; 259 years ago (1766)[a]
FounderKhalifa bin Mohammed[1]
Current headHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
TitlesKing of Bahrain
Emir of Bahrain
Hakim
Sheikh
Crown Prince of Bahrain
Prime Minister of Bahrain

TheHouse of Khalifa (Arabic:آل خليفة,romanized: Āl Khalīfah) is the ruling family of theKingdom of Bahrain. They professSunni Islam and belong to theAnizah tribe. Some members of this tribe joined theUtub alliance which migrated fromNajd in central Arabia toKuwait, then ruled all ofQatar, more specificallyAl Zubarah, which they built and ruled over before settling inBahrain in the early 17th century. The current head of the family is KingHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and proclaimed himselfKing of Bahrain in 2002, in fact becoming a constitutional monarch.

As of 2025, roughly half of the servingcabinet ministers of Bahrain were members of the Al Khalifa royal family,[2] while the country'sPrime Minister,Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, is also from the Al Khalifa family and is the son of the current King.

History

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Bahrain fell under the control ofAhmed bin Muhammad bin Khalifa in 1783, following the defeat ofNasr Al-Madhkur who ruled the archipelago as a dependency ofPersia (seeBani Utbah invasion of Bahrain). Ahmed ruled Bahrain ashakim until 1796, but was based inZubarah (in modern-dayQatar) and spent summers in Bahrain. Ahmed was the first hakim of Bahrain and the progenitor of the ruling Al Khalifa family of Bahrain. All of the Al Khalifa rulers of Bahrain are his descendants.

Ahmed had four children. Following his death in 1796, two of his sons, Salman and Abdulla, moved to Bahrain, and co-ruled it as feudal estates and imposed taxes on the indigenousBaharnah population. Salman settled inBahrain Island and Abdulla inMuharraq Island, each ruling independently. The Al Khalifa soon became split into two branches, Al-Abdulla and Al-Salman that engaged in open conflict between 1842 and 1846.[b] The Al-Salman branch was victorious and enjoyed complete rule of Bahrain. Until 1869, Bahrain was under threat of occupation by various external powers including theWahhabis,Omanis,Ottomans, Egyptians and Persians, yet the Al Khalifa managed to keep it under their control.[4][5] The Al-Abdulla branch continued to be a rival until 1895.[6] Today, Abdulla ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa's descendants live in Qatar, while Salman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa's descendants live in Bahrain.

List of Al Khalifa rulers of Bahrain

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Since 1783, the Al Khalifa have beenrulers of Bahrain:

NameYears as rulerTitle
Sheikh Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Khalifa1783–1796Hakim
SheikhAbdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa, ruling jointly with
Sheikh Salman bin Ahmad Al Khalifa
Shaikh Khalifa bin Sulman Al Khalifa		1796–1843
1796–1825
1825–1834		Hakim
Hakim
Hakim
SheikhMuhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa1834–1842
1849–1868
1869–1869		Hakim
Sheikh Ali bin Khalifah Al Khalifa1868–1869Hakim
Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa1869–1869Hakim
Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa1869–1932Hakim
Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa1932–1942Hakim
Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa1942–1961Hakim
Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa1961–1971
1971–1999		Hakim
Amir
King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa1999–2002
2002–present		Amir
King

Family tree

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House of Khalifa
Ahmad
bin Muhammad
(1)
r. 1783–1795
Salman
ibn Ahmad
(2)
r. 1796–1821		Abdullah
ibn Ahmad
(3)
r. 1796–1843
Khalifa
bin Salman
(4)
r. 1825–1834		Muhammad
bin Abdullah
(7)
r. 1869
Muhammad
bin Khalifa
(5)
r. 1834–1842,
1843–1868,
1869		Ali
bin Khalifa
(6)
r. 1868–1869
Isa
bin Ali
(8)
r. 1869–1932
Hamad
bin Isa
(9)
r. 1932–1942
Salman
bin Hamad
(10)
r. 1942–1961
Isa
bin Salman
(11)
r. 1961–1999
Hamad
bin Isa
(12)
r. 1999–present

Ruling Family Council

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Decisions pertaining to the Al Khalifa family, as well as disputes between family members are arbitrated by the Ruling Family Council (Arabic:مجلس العائلة الحاكمة).[7][8][9] The council attends to internal family disputes particularly those related to appropriation of land, sale of real estate and other properties. Members of the ruling family are not allowed to refer these or other disputes to ordinary law courts.[7]

Relations between the political leadership and the rest of the "rank and file" members of the Al Khalifa ruling family have been formally managed by the council since 1932. However, on the eve of the1973 parliamentary elections, then the AmirIsa bin Salman Al Khalifa issued a decree restructuring the Ruling Family Council to become a formal organ of the state, and giving the administrative head of the council the rank of minister.[7]

The Ruling Family Council is chaired by King Hamad,[10] its deputy chairman isMohammed bin Khalifa bin Hamad Al Khalifa,[11] and the director general is Ibrahim bin Khalid bin Mohammed Al Khalifa.[12]

The King appoints the members of the board of the Ruling Family Council as recognised representatives of various kingship lines and factional alliances within the Al Khalifa family.[7]

Cabinet ministers

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As of 2024, 4 out of 25 servingcabinet ministers of Bahrain were members of the Al Khalifa royal family.[13]

Notable people

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Controversies

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TheKing of Bahrain, SheikhHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was responsible for attacks on protesters during theArab Spring. The king and the government were condemned both locally and overseas. They later enlisted the help of nearby Saudi Arabia and the UAE.[14]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The year the family settled inZubarah. The first ruler from the family took over in 1783.
  2. ^Inter-Al Khalifa conflicts within Bahrain began in 1828 and lasted until 1869.[3][better source needed]

References

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  1. ^"History of the Ruling Family of Bahrain". Archived fromthe original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved10 October 2010.
  2. ^Bahrain Shia demand cabinet change,Aljazeera.net, 5 March 2010
  3. ^Baumgartner 2008, p. 20.
  4. ^Khuri 1980, pp. 24–31.
  5. ^Littlefield 1964, pp. 6–7.[better source needed]
  6. ^Farah 1985, p. 87.
  7. ^abcdAbdulhadi Khalaf.Contentious Politics in Bahrain, From Ethnic to National and Vice Versa. The Fourth Nordic Conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in a Globalizing World, Oslo, 13–16 August 1998. Archived fromthe original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved6 September 2011.
  8. ^Dominic Moran (7 February 2007)."Sectarian tensions simmer in Bahrain".International Relations and Security Network.The trio's relationship to their primary political support base, the wider royal family, is managed by the Family Council.
  9. ^Hassan Ali Rahdi (2003).Judiciary and Arbitration in Bahrain: A Historical and Analytical Study. BRILL. p. 130.ISBN 978-90-411-2217-9.
  10. ^"HM King Hamad Chairs Ruling Family Council".Bahrain News Agency. 30 March 2011. Retrieved6 September 2011.
  11. ^"Royal Order No. 23 of the Year 2004 on the Appointment of the Deputy Chairman of the Ruling Family Council".Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Bahrain. 22 May 2004. Archived fromthe original on 3 August 2012.
  12. ^"Amiri Order No. 69 of the Year 2000 on the Appointment of the Director General of the Ruling Family Council".Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Bahrain. 20 December 2000. Archived fromthe original on 4 August 2012.
  13. ^"Cabinet".Government of Bahrain. Retrieved11 March 2024.
  14. ^"Bahrain mourners call for end to monarchy". 18 February 2011.

Works cited

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External links

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