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House Democratic Caucus

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Party caucus in the US House of Representatives

House Democratic Caucus

Part of	United States House of Representatives
Floor Leader	Hakeem Jeffries
Floor Whip	Katherine Clark
Chair	Pete Aguilar (CA)
Ideology	Liberalism
Political position	Center-left
Affiliation	Democratic Party
Colors	Blue
Seats	213 / 435
Website
dems.gov
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TheHouse Democratic Caucus is acongressional caucus composed of all Democratic representatives in theUnited States House of Representatives, voting andnon-voting,^[1] and is responsible for nominating and electing theDemocratic Party leadership in the chamber. In its roles as aparty conference, thecaucus writes and enforces rules of conduct and discipline for its members, approves committee assignments, and serves as the primary forum for development of party policy and legislative priorities. It hosts weekly meetings for these purposes and to communicate the party's message to members.

When the caucus holds the majority of seats, it is usually led by thespeaker of the U.S. House of Representatives who is assisted on the floor by the House majority leader and the party's chief whip. When in the minority, it is led by the House minority leader, assisted by the chief whip. The caucus has aCaucus chairman andCaucus vice-chair (formerly called the secretary). For the119th Congress,Hakeem Jeffries was elected as theminority leader,Katherine Clark became theminority whip andPete Aguilar was chosen as theCaucus chairman.

Current hierarchy

[edit]

Effective with the start of the119th Congress, the chain of command conference leadership is as follows (from highest to lowest):

Hakeem Jeffries (NY) asHouse Minority Leader (Caucus Leader)
Katherine Clark (MA) asHouse Minority Whip
Pete Aguilar (CA) asCaucus Chairman
Ted Lieu (CA) asCaucus Vice Chair

Leadership history

[edit]

The House Democratic Caucus, through its institutional antecedent, theDemocratic-Republican caucus, was established on April 2, 1796, to stop a treaty with Great Britain which unfairly treated American sailors. For many years, through 1820, it nominated presidential candidates (before the era of national nominating conventions).

Since 2023, the House Democratic leader has been Rep.Hakeem Jeffries of New York (the firstAfrican-American congressional party leader in U.S. history).^[2] He waselected to succeed longtime Democratic leader and the first womanspeaker of the House in U.S. historyNancy Pelosi.

At the Organizational Meeting on November 18, 2008, of the Democratic Caucus for the111th Congress, RepresentativeJohn B. Larson (D-Connecticut) was elected Caucus chairman by acclamation. The election was presided over by the outgoing chairman of the Democratic Caucus for the110th Congress, former representativeRahm Emanuel (D-Illinois). Rep. Larson officially assumed the position of chairman on the first day of the 111th Congress, January 3, 2009.

After his election as chairman at the Organizational Meeting on November 18, Chairman Larson presided over the election of Rep.Xavier Becerra (D-California), who defeated RepresentativeMarcy Kaptur ofOhio by a vote count of 175 to 67. Rep. Becerra likewise assumed hisvice-chairmanship on January 3.

Leaders of the House Democratic Caucus

[edit]

Congress	Leader		District	Took office	Left office
20th		Andrew Stevenson (1784–1857)	Virginia 9	December 3, 1827	June 2, 1834^[a]	Himself1827–1834
21st
22nd
23rd			Virginia 11
23rd		John Bell (1796–1869)	Tennessee 7	June 2, 1834	March 4, 1835	Himself1834–1835
24th		James K. Polk (1795–1849)	Tennessee 9	December 7, 1835	March 4, 1839	Himself1835–1839
25th		James K. Polk (1795–1849)	Tennessee 9	December 7, 1835	March 4, 1839	Himself1835–1839
26th	Unknown^[b]					Hunter1839–1841
27th	Unknown^[b]					White1841–1843
28th		John Winston Jones (1791–1848)	Virginia 6	December 4, 1843	March 4, 1845	Himself1843–1845
29th		John Wesley Davis (1799–1859)	Indiana 6	December 1, 1845	March 4, 1847	Himself1845–1847
30th	Unknown^[b]					Winthrop1847–1849
31st		Howell Cobb (1815–1868)	Georgia 6	December 22, 1849	March 4, 1851	Himself1849–1851
32nd		Linn Boyd (1800–1859)	Kentucky 1	December 1, 1851	March 4, 1855	Himself1851–1855
33rd		Linn Boyd (1800–1859)	Kentucky 1	December 1, 1851	March 4, 1855	Himself1851–1855
34th		George Washington Jones (1806–1884)	Tennessee 6	March 4, 1855	March 4, 1857	Banks1856–1857
35th		James Lawrence Orr (1822–1873)	South Carolina 5	December 7, 1857	March 3, 1859	Himself1857–1859
36th		George S. Houston (1811–1879)	Alabama 5	March 4, 1859	January 21, 1861^[c]	Pennington1860–1861
37th	Unknown^[d]					Grow1861–1863
38th	Unknown^[d]					Colfax1863–1869
39th	Unknown^[d]
40th	Unknown^[d]
40th	Unknown^[d]					Pomeroy1869
41st		Samuel J. Randall (1828–1890)	Pennsylvania 1	March 4, 1869	March 3, 1871	Blaine1869–1875
41st		William E. Niblack (1822–1893)	Indiana 1	March 4, 1869	March 3, 1871
42nd	Unknown^[b]
43rd		William E. Niblack (1822–1893)	Indiana 1	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875
44th		Michael C. Kerr (1827–1876)	Indiana 3	December 6, 1875	August 19, 1876^[e]	Himself1875–1876
44th		Samuel J. Randall (1828–1890)	Pennsylvania 3	December 4, 1876	March 3, 1881	Himself1876–1881
45th
46th
47th	Unknown^[b]					Keifer1881–1883
48th		John G. Carlisle (1834–1910)	Kentucky 6	December 3, 1883	March 3, 1889	Himself1883–1889
49th
50th
51st		William S. Holman (1822–1897)	Indiana 4	March 4, 1889	March 3, 1891	Reed1889–1891
52nd		Charles Frederick Crisp (1845–1896)	Georgia 3	December 8, 1891	March 3, 1895	Himself1891–1895
53rd		Charles Frederick Crisp (1845–1896)	Georgia 3	December 8, 1891	March 3, 1895	Himself1891–1895
54th		David B. Culberson (1830–1900)	Texas 4	March 4, 1895	March 3, 1897	Reed1895–1899
55th		James D. Richardson (1843–1914)	Tennessee 5	March 4, 1897	March 3, 1903	Reed1895–1899
56th						Henderson1899–1903
57th						Henderson1899–1903
58th		John Sharp Williams (1854–1932)	Mississippi 8	March 4, 1903	March 3, 1909	Cannon1903–1911
59th
60th
61st		Champ Clark (1850–1921)	Missouri 9	March 4, 1909	March 2, 1921^[e]
62nd						Himself1911–1919
63rd
64th
65th
66th						Gillett1919–1925
67th		Claude Kitchin (1869–1923)	North Carolina 2	March 4, 1921	March 4, 1923
68th		Finis J. Garrett (1875–1956)	Tennessee 9	March 4, 1923	March 3, 1929
69th						Longworth1925–1931
70th
71st		John Nance Garner (1868–1967)	Texas 15	March 4, 1929	March 3, 1933^[f]
72nd		John Nance Garner (1868–1967)	Texas 15	March 4, 1929	March 3, 1933^[f]	Himself1931–1933
73rd		Henry Thomas Rainey (1860–1934)	Illinois 20	March 9, 1933	August 19, 1934^[e]	Himself1933–1934
74th		Jo Byrns (1869–1936)	Tennessee 5	January 3, 1935	June 4, 1936^[e]	Himself1935–1936
74th		William B. Bankhead (1874–1940)	Alabama 7	June 4, 1936	September 15, 1940^[e]	Himself1936–1940
75th
76th
76th		Sam Rayburn (1882–1961)	Texas 4	September 16, 1940	November 16, 1961^[e]	Himself1940–1947
77th
78th
79th
80th						Martin1947–1949
81st						Himself1949–1953
82nd						Himself1949–1953
83rd						Martin1953–1955
84th						Himself1955–1961
85th
86th
87th
87th		John W. McCormack (1891–1980)	Massachusetts 12	January 10, 1962	January 3, 1971	Himself1962–1971
88th			Massachusetts 9
89th
90th
91st
92nd		Carl Albert (1908–2000)	Oklahoma 3	January 21, 1971	January 3, 1977	Himself1971–1977
93rd
94th
95th		Tip O'Neill (1912–1994)	Massachusetts 8	January 4, 1977	January 3, 1987	Himself1977–1987
96th
97th
98th
99th
100th		Jim Wright (1922–2015)	Texas 12	January 6, 1987	June 6, 1989^[a]	Himself1987–1989
101st		Jim Wright (1922–2015)	Texas 12	January 6, 1987	June 6, 1989^[a]	Himself1987–1989
101st		Tom Foley (1929–2013)	Washington 5	June 6, 1989	January 3, 1995	Himself1989–1995
102nd
103rd
104th		Dick Gephardt (born 1941)	Missouri 3	January 3, 1995	January 3, 2003	Gingrich1995–1999
105th						Gingrich1995–1999
106th						Hastert1999–2007
107th
108th		Nancy Pelosi (born 1940)	California 8	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2023
109th
110th						Herself2007–2011
111th						Herself2007–2011
112th						Boehner2011–2015
113th			California 12
114th
114th						Ryan2015–2019
115th						Ryan2015–2019
116th						Herself2019–2023
117th						Herself2019–2023
118th		Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970)	New York 8	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	McCarthy2023
						McHenry^[g]2023
						Johnson2023–present
119th						Johnson2023–present

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^bResigned from office and from Congress.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eWhoever held this office during this Congress is unknown.
^Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and Houston withdrew from Congress ten days later on January 21.
^^a ^b ^c ^dWhoever held this office during this Congress is unknown, although it was likely vacant due to theAmerican Civil War.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fDied in office.
^Resigned to becomeVice President of the United States.
^This person served as speakerpro tempore.

List of chairs

[edit]

Chairs are currently limited to two consecutive terms.

Officeholder	State	Congress	Term
James Thompson	Pennsylvania	31st	1849–1851
N/A^[3]		32nd	1851–1853
Edson B. Olds	Ohio	33rd	1853–1855
George Washington Jones	Tennessee	34th	1855–1857
N/A^[4]		35th	1857–1859
George S. Houston	Alabama	36th	1859–1861
N/A^[5]		37th–40th	1861–1869
William E. Niblack, Samuel J. Randall^[6]	Indiana, Pennsylvania	41st	1869–1871
N/A^[7]		42nd	1871–1873
William E. Niblack	Indiana	43rd	1873–1875
Lucius Q.C. Lamar	Mississippi	44th	1875–1877
Hiester Clymer	Pennsylvania	45th	1877–1879
John F. House	Tennessee	46th	1879–1881
N/A^[8]		47th	1881–1883
George W. Geddes	Ohio	48th	1883–1885
J. Randolph Tucker	Virginia	49th	1885–1887
Samuel S. Cox^[9]	New York	50th	1887–1889
William S. Holman	Indiana	51st–53rd	1889–1895
David B. Culberson	Texas	54th	1895–1897
James D. Richardson	Tennessee	55th	1897–1899
James Hay	Virginia	56th–58th	1899–1905
Robert L. Henry	Texas	59th	1905–1907
Henry D. Clayton^[10]	Alabama	60th–61st	1907–1911
Albert S. Burleson	Texas	62nd	1911–1913
A. Mitchell Palmer	Pennsylvania	63rd	1913–1915
Edward W. Saunders	Virginia	64th–65th	1915–1919
Arthur G. DeWalt	Pennsylvania	66th	1919–1921
Sam Rayburn	Texas	67th	1921–1923
Henry T. Rainey	Illinois	68th	1923–1925
Charles D. Carter	Oklahoma	69th	1925–1927
Arthur H. Greenwood	Indiana	70th	1927–1929
David H. Kincheloe	Kentucky	71st	1929–1930^[11]
William W. Arnold	Illinois	72nd	1931–1933
Clarence F. Lea	California	73rd	1933–1935
Edward T. Taylor	Colorado	74th	1935–1937
Robert L. Doughton	North Carolina	75th	1937–1939
John W. McCormack	Massachusetts	76th	1939–1940^[12]
Richard M. Duncan	Missouri	77th	1941–1943
Harry R. Sheppard	California	78th	1943–1945
Jere Cooper	Tennessee	79th	1945–1947
Aime J. Forand	Rhode Island	80th	1947–1949
Francis E. Walter	Pennsylvania	81st	1949–1951
Jere Cooper	Tennessee	82nd	1951–1953
Wilbur D. Mills	Arkansas	83rd	1953–1955
John J. Rooney	New York	84th	1955–1957
Melvin Price	Illinois	85th–86th	1957–1961
Francis E. Walter^[13]	Pennsylvania	87th–88th	1961–1963
Albert Thomas	Texas	88th	1964–1965
Eugene Keogh	New York	89th	1965–1967
Dan Rostenkowski	Illinois	90th–91st	1967–1971
Olin Teague	Texas	92nd–93rd	1971–1975
Phillip Burton	California	94th	1976–1977
Thomas S. Foley	Washington	95th–96th	1977–1981
Gillis W. Long	Louisiana	97th–98th	1981–1985
Richard A. Gephardt	Missouri	99th–100th	1985–1989
William H. Gray III	Pennsylvania	101st	1989
Steny H. Hoyer	Maryland	101st–103rd	1989–1995^[14]
Vic Fazio	California	104th–105th	1995–1999
Martin Frost	Texas	106th–107th	1999–2003
Bob Menendez	New Jersey	108th–109th	2003–2006^[15]
James Clyburn	South Carolina	109th	2006–2007
Rahm Emanuel	Illinois	110th	2007–2009
John B. Larson	Connecticut	111th–112th	2009–2013
Xavier Becerra	California	113th–114th	2013–2017
Joe Crowley	New York	115th	2017–2019
Hakeem Jeffries	New York	116th–117th	2019–2023^[16]
Pete Aguilar	California	118th–119th	2023–present

List of vice-chairs

[edit]

The vice-chair of the Democratic Caucus ranks just below theChair of the House Democratic Caucus. In addition to other duties, the vice-chair has a seat on theSteering and Policy Committee.^[17]

Mary Rose Oakar (1987–1989)^[18]
Steny Hoyer (1989)^[19]
Vic Fazio (1989–1995)
Barbara B. Kennelly (1995–1999)
Bob Menendez (1999–2003)
Jim Clyburn (2003–2006)
John B. Larson (2006–2009)
Xavier Becerra (2009–2012)
Joe Crowley (2012–2017)
Linda Sánchez (2017–2019)
Katherine Clark (2019–2021)
Pete Aguilar (2021–2023)
Ted Lieu (2023–present)

List of secretaries

[edit]

The office of secretary of the Democratic Caucus preceded the office of vice-chair. Until its elimination in 1987, the office of secretary was reserved for a female member of the House.^[20]

Chase G. Woodhouse (1949–1951)
Edna F. Kelly (1953–1957, 1964–1965)
Leonor K. Sullivan (1959–1964, 1965–1975)
Patsy Mink (1975–1977)
Shirley Chisholm (1977–1981)
Geraldine Ferraro (1981–1985)
Mary Rose Oakar (1985–1987)

References

[edit]

^"Rules of the Democratic Caucus".House Democrats. p. 5. RetrievedMarch 9, 2023.Rule 1. Caucus Membership A. All Members of the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and the Delegates from American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands who are Members of the Democratic Party shall be prima facie Members of the Democratic Caucus of the House of Representatives.
^Mizelle, Shawna (January 4, 2023)."Hakeem Jeffries to make history as the first Black lawmaker to lead a party in Congress | CNN Politics".CNN. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2023.
^No clear records remain for this Congress.
^No clear records remain for this Congress.
^No clear records remain for these Congresses.
^Caucus records show RepresentativeNiblack and Representative Randall as both having served as chairman during the Congress,but no dates of service were specified.
^RepresentativeFernando Wood of New York nominated the Democratic leadershipslate in the House, but there is no other evidence to show he was elected caucus chairman.
^Available data show that RepresentativeJohn F. House nominatedSamuel J. Randall as the Democratic candidate for Speaker, the traditional role of the caucus chairman. Later data showW.S. Rosecrans issuing the next call for a Democratic Caucusmeeting, but there is no evidence to suggest that Rosecrans was actually elected caucus chairman.
^Former Parliamentarian Clarence Cannon's notes state "Cox diedduring this Congress and [Representative James B.] McCreary evidently succeeded or acted forhim." However, Representative Cox died on September 10, 1889, six months after the sine dieadjournment of the 50th Congress and the convening of the 51st Congress.
^Caucus records are contradictory for this period. They show the election of RepresentativeJames Hay as chairman on January 19, 1911, but do not mention a resignation by incumbent chairman Clayton, nor do they specify that Hay was elected chairman for the new Congress. Later, they show the election of RepresentativeAlbert S. Burleson on April 11, 1911.
^Resigned from the House, October 5, 1930; there is no record of an election to fill the vacancy as caucus chair.
^Resigned following election as majority (floor) leader, September 16, 1940; records do not indicate that a successor was chosen during the remainder of the Congress.
^Died in office, May 31, 1963. Caucus chairman post vacant untilJanuary 21, 1964.
^Representative Hoyer was elected Caucus Chairman on June 21, 1989, followingthe June 14, 1989, election of Representative William (Bill) H. Gray III asMajority Whip.
^On January 16, 2006, Representative Menendez resigned from the House afterhe was appointed to the Senate.
^"Hakeem Jeffries defeats Barbara Lee in battle for Dem Caucus chair". Politico. November 28, 2018.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 29, 2006. RetrievedDecember 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Center for American Women and Politics"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 26, 2009. RetrievedDecember 19, 2008.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 4, 2011. RetrievedJuly 18, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Congressional Women: On the Secretary position

External links

[edit]

Official site of the Democratic Caucus

Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress

Senate Republican Conference	Senate	Senate Democratic Caucus
Conference Chair	Chair	Caucus Chair
Conference Vice-Chair / Secretary	Secretary	Caucus Secretary
Policy Committee Chair	Policy Committee	Policy Committee Chair
House Republican Conference	House of Representatives	House Democratic Caucus
Conference Chair	Chair	Caucus Chair
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