Hot chocolate, also known ashot cocoa[1] ordrinking chocolate, is aheateddrink consisting of shaved or meltedchocolate orcocoa powder, heatedmilk orwater, and usually asweetener. It is often garnished withwhipped cream ormarshmallows. Hot chocolate made with melted chocolate is sometimes called drinking chocolate, characterized by less sweetness and a thicker consistency.[2]
The first chocolate drink is believed to have been created at least 5,300 years ago, starting with theMayo-Chinchipe culture in what is present-dayEcuador,[3] and later consumed by theMaya around 2,500–3,000 years ago. A cocoa drink was an essential part ofAztec culture by 1400 AD.[4] The drink became popular inEurope after being introduced from Mexico in theNew World and has undergone multiple changes since then. Until the 19th century, hot chocolate was used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases.
Hot chocolate is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spicedchocolate para mesa of Latin America, the very thickcioccolata calda served in Italy andchocolate a la taza served in Spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the United States. Prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, includingcafeterias,fast food restaurants,coffeehouses andteahouses. Powdered hot chocolate mixes, which can be added to boiling water or hot milk to make the drink at home, are sold atgrocery stores andonline.
A distinction is sometimes made between "hot cocoa", made from cocoa powder (ground cacao beans from which much of the cocoa butter has been removed),[5] and "hot chocolate", made directly from bar chocolate, which already contains cocoa, sugar, andcocoa butter.[5] Thus, the major difference between the two is the cocoa butter, the absence of which makes hot cocoa significantly lower in fat than hot chocolate while still preserving all theantioxidants found in chocolate.[6]
Hot chocolate can be made withdark,semisweet, orbittersweet chocolate grated or chopped into small pieces and stirred into milk with the addition of sugar.[citation needed]
Cocoa usually refers to a drink made with cocoa powder, hot milk or water, and sweetened to taste with sugar (or not sweetened at all).[7]
Instant hot chocolate orhot cocoa mix may be based on cocoa powder, powdered chocolate, or both; often includespowdered milk or comparable ingredients so it can be made without using milk; sugar or other sweeteners; and typically stabilizers and thickeners.[7] However, mixes can vary widely (between countries and often between brands) in ingredients included, their ratio and their quality.[citation needed]
Archaeologists have found evidence thatMayan chocolate consumption occurred as early as 500 BC, and there is speculation that chocolate predates even the Mayans.[4] To make the chocolate drink, which was served cold, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it withwater,cornmeal,chili peppers, and other ingredients.[9] They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a thick foam developed.[4] Chocolate was available to Maya of all social classes, although the wealthy drank chocolate from "large spouted vessels" that were often buried with elites.[4] An early Classic period (460–480 AD) Mayan tomb from the site of Rio Azul, Guatemala, had vessels with theMaya glyph for cacao on them with residue of a chocolate drink.[9][10]
Becausesugar was yet to come to the Americas,[9] chocolate was said to be anacquired taste. Chocolate was then a drink consisting of a chocolate base flavored withvanilla and other spices that was served cold.[11][12] The drink tasted spicy and bitter as opposed to sweetened modern hot chocolate,[9] andJosé de Acosta, a SpanishJesuit missionary who lived inPeru and thenMexico in the later 16th century, described chocolate as:
Loathsome to such as are not acquainted with it, having a scum or froth that is very unpleasant taste. Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the Indians, where with they feast noble men who pass through their country. The Spaniards, both men and women, that are accustomed to the country, are very greedy of this Chocolate. They say they make diverse sorts of it, some hot, some cold, and some temperate, and put therein much of that "chili"; yea, they make paste thereof, the which they say is good for the stomach and against thecatarrh.[13]
Within Mesoamerica many drinks were made from cacao beans, and further enhanced by flowers like vanilla to add flavor.[14] This was a tribute to the Aztecs. The Aztecs, or Mexica, required conquered people to provide them with chocolate. Cups, gourds, cacao beans, as well as other things they acquired were listed inThe Essential Codex Mendoza.[15] Cacao became used as a currency throughout Mesoamerica.[14] The Aztecs used chocolate to show high status: it was a bad omen for someone low or common to drink chocolate.[14]
Europeans' first recorded contact with chocolate was not until 1502 onColumbus's fourth voyage.[14] After its introduction to Europe, the drink slowly gained popularity. The imperial court ofEmperor Charles V soon adopted the drink, and chocolate became afashionable drink popular with the Spanishupper class. Additionally, cocoa was given as adowry when members of the Spanish royal family married other European aristocrats.[16] At the time, chocolate was very expensive in Europe because the cocoa beans only grew in South America.[17]
Sweet-tasting hot chocolate was then invented, leading hot chocolate to become a luxury item among the European nobility by the 17th century.[18] Even when the first Chocolate House (an establishment similar to a modern coffee shop)[9] opened in 1657, chocolate was still very expensive, costing 50 to 75pence (approximately 10–15 shillings) a pound (roughly £45–65 in 2016).[19][20] At the time, hot chocolate was often mixed with spices for flavor; one notable recipe was hot chocolate "infused with fresh jasmine flowers, amber, musk, vanilla andambergris."[18] In the late 17th century,Sir Hans Sloane, president of theRoyal College of Physicians, visitedJamaica, where he was introduced to cocoa. He found it 'nauseous' but by mixing it with milk made it more palatable. When Sloane returned to England, he brought the recipe with him, introducing milk chocolate to England.[21] The aristocratic nature of the drink led to chocolate being referred to as "the drink of the gods" in 1797.[18]
The Spanish began to usejicaras made of porcelain in place of the hollowed gourds used by the natives.[14] They then further tinkered with the recipes by using spices such as cinnamon, black pepper, anise, and sesame. Many of these things were used to try to recreate the flavor of the native flowers which they could not easily acquire.[14] Black pepper was used to replace chillies andmecaxochitl, cinnamon was used in place oforejuelas, sugar replaced honey.[14]
In 1828,Coenraad Johannes van Houten developed the first cocoa powder producing machine in theNetherlands.[9][22] The press separated the greasycocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a purer chocolate powder behind.[9] This powder was easier to stir into milk and water. By using cocoa powder and low amounts of cocoa butter, it was also possible to manufacturechocolate bars. The term chocolate then came to mean solid chocolate rather than hot chocolate, with the first chocolate bar being created in 1847.[23]
According to tradition, the Italian version cioccolata calda was first born in Turin around 1560: to celebrate that the capital of the Duchy of Savoy was moved from Chambéry to Turin, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy asked for a new beverage, and so this thicker, creamy version was created.[24]
Today, hot chocolate in the form of drinking chocolate or cocoa is considered acomfort food and is widely consumed in many parts of the world. European hot chocolate tends to be relatively thick and rich, while in the United States the thinner instant version is consumed more often. Many regions have distinctive additives or toppings, ranging frommarshmallow and whipped cream to cheese.[citation needed]
Hot chocolate is calledwarme chocolademelk in theNetherlands.
In mainland Europe (particularly Spain and Italy), hot chocolate is sometimes served very thick due to the use of a thickening agent such as cornstarch.[29] One of the thick forms of hot chocolate served in Europe is theItaliancioccolata calda.[citation needed]
Hot chocolate withchurros is a traditionalbreakfast in Spain. This style of hot chocolate can be extremely thick, often having the consistency of warm chocolatepudding.[30] In the Netherlands, hot chocolate is a very popular drink, known aswarme chocolademelk. It is often served at home or in cafes. In France, hot chocolate is often served at breakfast time. Sometimes sliced bread spread with butter, jam, honey, orNutella is dunked into the hot chocolate.[31]
InGermany, hot chocolate made by melted chocolate (Heiße Schokolade Wiener Art) is distinguished from those made from powders (Trinkschokolade).[29] It is often served with whipped cream on top.[29]
Even further variations of hot chocolate exist. In some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe, one who orders awarme chocolade orchocolat chaud receives a cup of steaming white milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to dissolve in the milk.[7] OneViennese variant,Heiße Schokolade Wiener Art, contains an egg yolk for thickness.[29]
In thePhilippines, the native hot chocolate drink is known astsokolate. It is made fromtabliya (ortablea), tablets of pure ground roastedcacao beans, dissolved in water and milk. Like in Spanish and Latin American versions, the drink is traditionally made in atsokolatera and briskly mixed with a wooden baton called themolinillo (also calledbatidor orbatirol), causing the drink to be characteristically frothy.Tsokolate is typically sweetened with a bit ofmuscovado sugar and has a distinctive grainy texture.[32][33]
Traditional Spanish hot chocolate served withchurrosLatte art on hot chocolate
In the United States and Canada, the drink is popular in instant form, made with hot water or milk from a packet containing mostly cocoa powder,sugar, and dry milk.[34] This is the thinner of the two main variations.[35] It is very sweet and may be topped withmarshmallows,whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate. Hot chocolate was first brought to North America as early as the 17th century by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755.[36] Traditionally, hot chocolate has been associated with cold weather and winter in the United States and Canada.[37]
Hot chocolate mixed with espresso or coffee under the name ofcaffè mocha is sold in coffee shops around the United States and elsewhere. This particular name comes from the town Mocha, Yemen, where a specific blend of coffee with the same name is grown.[38]
In Mexico, hot chocolate often includes semi-sweet chocolate,cinnamon, sugar, andvanilla.[39] Hot chocolate is considered by some to be a children's drink, although consuming it with tamales is common among all ages.[40] Hot chocolate of this type is commonly sold in circular or hexagonal tablets[39] which can be dissolved into hot milk, water, or cream, and then blended until the mixture develops a creamyfroth. A 1942 article in the Chicago Tribune describes Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate as being traditionally served alongside a variety of sweet Mexican pastries,[41] such aspan dulce orchurros.[citation needed]
InColombia, a hot chocolate drink made with milk and water using achocolatera andmolinillo is enjoyed as part of breakfast with bread and soft, fresh farmer's cheese. Colombian hot chocolate is often topped with a soft farmer's cheese or other mild cheese.[42] Similarly, hot chocolate in Ecuador is often topped with cheese.[43]
InPeru, hot chocolate can be served withpanettone at breakfast onChristmas Day, even though summer has already started in the southern hemisphere.[44] In addition, many Peruvians will add a sweet chocolate syrup to their drink.[43]
TheArgentiniansubmarino is a hot chocolate drink made from adding a chocolate bar and sugar to hot steamed milk.[43]
Also numerous documents reveal medicinal uses of cacao throughout Central and South America in which different components of the tree are still used today, in the late 20th and early 21st century, including cacao bark, fat, flowers, fruit pulp and leaves.[45]
InNigeria andJamaica, hot chocolate is referred to as "tea" due to customs of referring to drinks consumed in the morning as "tea".[46][47] Alongside coffee, hot chocolate is a popular drink in urban areas of theIvory Coast to accompanyFrench-style breakfasts that Ivorians sometimes eat.[48]
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
