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| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Names |
|
Occupation type | Specialty |
Activity sectors | Medicine,Surgery |
| Description | |
Education required |
|
Fields of employment | Hospitals,Clinics |
Hospital medicine is amedical specialty that exists in some countries as a branch offamily medicine orinternal medicine, dealing with the care of acutely illhospitalized patients.Physicians whose primary professional focus is caring for hospitalized patients only while they are in thehospital are calledhospitalists.[1] Originating in theUnited States, this type of medical practice has extended intoAustralia andCanada. The vast majority of physicians who refer to themselves as hospitalists focus their practice upon hospitalized patients. Hospitalists are not necessarily required to have separateboard certification in hospital medicine.
The termhospitalist was first coined byRobert Wachter andLee Goldman in a 1996New England Journal of Medicine article.[2] The scope of hospital medicine includes acute patient care, teaching, research, and executive leadership related to the delivery of hospital-based care. Hospital medicine, likeemergency medicine, is a specialty organized around the location of care (the hospital), rather than anorgan (likecardiology),disease (likeoncology), or a patient’s age (likepediatrics).[3] The emergence of hospital medicine in the United States can be compared and contrasted with the parallel development ofacute medicine in theUnited Kingdom, reflectinghealth system differences.[4]
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In the US, a typical hospitalist workday in the hospital lasts roughly 10 hours, arriving around 7 a.m. and taking care of a "census" of 14 to 18 patients. Hospitalists typically embrace the rhythm of a "7 on 7 off" schedule, starting each seven-day stretch on a Tuesday and ending on a Monday. While these are typical, what counts as a normal workday, census, and shift schedule can vary from hospital to hospital.
A hospitalist is like a football quarterback, a central node coordinating patient care for hospitalized inpatients for the duration of their stay. Compared to other medical specialties, hospitalists must work more closely with a much broader range of otherhealthcare professionals, such as specialist physicians, bedsidenurses, charge nurses,pharmacists, andcase managers. On a typical day in a hospital, a hospitalist is likely to have 10 to 30 different colleagues with whom they are collaborating on patient care.
When combined with the complexities of hospital medicine, complex interprofessional collaboration tends to allow for unnecessary miscommunication, oversight,errors, and delays. Attempts to reduce this complexity and standardize interprofessional collaboration have resulted in care models likeinterdisciplinary bedside rounds that emphasize face-to-face communication, a contrast with communication that occurs solely through the electronic medical record, secure chat, pages, and calls.
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In Australia, hospitalists are career hospital doctors; they are generalist medical practitioners whose principal focus is the provision of clinical care to patients in hospitals; they are typically beyond the internship-residency phase of their career, but have decidedly chosen as a conscious career choice not to partake in vocational-specialist training to acquire fellowship specialist qualification. Whilst not specialists, these clinicians are nonetheless experienced in their years of medical practice, and depending on their scope of practice, they typically work with a reasonable degree of independence and autonomy under the auspices of their specialist colleagues and supervisors. Hospitalists form a demographically small but important workforce of doctors in hospitals across Australia where on-site specialist coverage is otherwise unavailable.
Hospitalists are typically employed in a variety of public and private hospital settings on a contractual or salaried basis. Dependent on their place of employment and duties, the responsibilities and remuneration of non-specialist hospitalists are usually comparable to somewhere between registrars and consultants. Despite the common trend for clinicians to specialise nowadays, non-specialist hospitalist clinicians have an important role in fulfilling shortages in the medical workforce, especially when specialist coverage or accessibility is unavailable and where there is an area-of-need or after-hours or on-site medical care is required. These clinicians and employed across Australia in a variety of environments which include Medical & Surgical Wards, Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments. Nonetheless, these clinicians work closely and continually consult with the relevant attending specialists on-call; that is, final responsibility and care for the patient ultimately still rests with the attending specialist.
They are also known as: Career Medical Officers (CMO), Senior Medical Officers (SMO) and Multi-skilled Medical Officers (MMO).
Hospitalists are represented by theAustralian Medical Association (AMA), Australasian Society of Career Medical Officers (ASCMO) and Australian Salaried Medical Officers Federation (AMSOF). Despite being non-specialist clinicians, they are still required to meet continuing professional development requirements and frequently attend courses facilitated by these organisations and hospitals to keep their practice and skillets up-to-date alongside their specialist registered colleagues.
In Canada, there are currently no official residency programs specializing in hospital medicine. Nevertheless, some universities, such asMcGill University inMontreal, have come up withfamily medicine enhanced skills programs focused on hospital medicine. This program, which is available to practicing physicians and family medicine residents, has a duration of six or twelve months. The main goal behind the program is to prepare medical doctors with training in family practice to assume shared care roles with other specialists, such ascardiologists,neurologists, andnephrologists, in a hospital setting. Moreover, the program prepares family physicians by giving them a set of skills required for caring for their complicated hospitalized patients.[5][6]
Hospitalists are physicians with aDoctor of Medicine (M.D.),Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), or aBachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS/MBChB) degree.[7] Most hospitalists practicing in hospitals in the United States lack board certification in hospital medicine. To address this, residency programs are starting to develop hospitalist tracks with more tailored education. Several universities have also started fellowship programs specifically geared toward hospital medicine.
According to the State of Hospital Medicine Survey by the Medical Group Management Association and the Society of Hospital Medicine, 89.60% of hospitalists specialize in general internal medicine, 5.5% in a pediatrics subspecialty, 3.7% in family practice and 1.2% in internal medicine pediatrics.[8] Data from the survey also reported that 53.5% of hospitalists are employed by hospitals/integrated delivery system and 25.3% are employed by independent hospitalists groups.
According to recent data, there are more than 50,000 hospitalists practicing in approximately 75% of U.S. hospitals, including all highly ranked academic medical centers.[9]
Hospital medicine is a relatively new phenomenon in American medicine and as such is the fastest growing specialty in the history of medicine. Almost unheard of a generation ago, this type of practice arose from three powerful shifts in medical practice:
In addition to patient care duties, hospitalists are often involved in developing and managing aspects of hospital operations such as inpatient flow and quality improvement. The formation of hospitalist training tracks in residency programs has been driven in part by the need to educate future hospitalists about business and operational aspects of medicine, as these topics are not covered in traditional residencies.[citation needed]
As a relatively new specialty, only recently has certification for specialty experience and training for hospital medicine been offered. TheAmerican Board of Hospital Medicine (ABHM), a Member Board of theAmerican Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), was founded in 2009. The ABHM was North America’s first board of certification devoted exclusively to hospital medicine. In September 2009, theAmerican Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) created a program that provides general internists practicing in hospital settings the opportunity to maintain Internal Medicine Certification with a Focused Practice in Hospital Medicine (FPHM).
The number of available hospitalists positions grew exponentially from 2006 to 2010 but has since then leveled off.[10] However, the job market still remained very active with some hospitals maintaining permanent openings for capable hospitalists. Salaries are generally very competitive, averaging almost $230,000 per year for adult hospitalists.[11] Hospitalists who are willing to work night shifts only (nocturnists) are generally compensated higher than their day shift peers.[12]
Hospitalists typically work for a hospitalist group that is employed either directly through the hospital or through a physician services company, which earns a multimillion-dollar subsidy from the hospital to operate the group. This arrangement is a contrast to other physician specialties which typically recoup their costs directly though their billing for medical services.
As of 2023, there are around seven large national physician services companies which compete to provide the hospitalist group for health systems, along with many smaller companies. Most of these companies, however, traditionally focus on the emergency department, where billing is lucrative and margins are higher, and they accept the hospitalist group management partnership as a necessary and less profitable add-on.
From the perspective of a hospital CFO, hospitalists require large subsidies that other physicians may not need. The drive to minimize these subsidies incentivizes the reduction of shifts and increase of a hospitalist's average patient census, which can in turn decrease hospitalist job satisfaction and increase risks to patient safety. Whether these incentives are acted on depends on the financial situation of the hospital, the relationship between the hospitalist group and the hospital, and the working conditions acceptable to the employed hospitalists.
Research shows that hospitalists reduce the length of stay, treatment costs and improve the overall efficiency of care for hospitalized patients.[13] Hospitalists are leaders on several quality improvement initiatives in key areas including transitions of care, co-management of patients, reducing hospital acquired diseases and optimizing the care of patients.[citation needed]
Though hospital medicine is a young field, there have been attempts at further division of labor in the field.
The following are other commonly used (negative) nicknames:
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