Horta | |
|---|---|
| Very Loyal City of Horta | |
.jpg) The City of Horta and Horta Bay, as seen from the Nossa Senhora da Conceição outlook, showing the marina, the old dock, and volcanic cones, Monte Escuro and Monte da Guia. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Interactive map of Horta | |
  Horta Location in the Azores Show map of Azores Horta Horta (Faial) Show map of Faial | |
| Coordinates:38°34′46″N28°42′59″W / 38.57944°N 28.71639°W /38.57944; -28.71639 | |
| Country |  Portugal |
| Auton. region | Azores |
| Island | Faial |
| Established | Settlement: c. 1467 Town: c. 1498 City/Municipality: 4 July 1833 |
| Parishes | 13 |
| Government | |
| • President | José Leonardo Goulart da Silva |
| Area | |
• Total | 173.06 km2 (66.82 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 404 m (1,325 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
• Total | 14,331 |
| • Density | 82.809/km2 (214.48/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−01:00 (AZOT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+00:00 (AZOST) |
| Postal code | 9900-997 |
| Area code | 292 |
| Patron | Santíssimo Salvador da Horta |
| Local holiday | 24 June |
| Website | https://www.cmhorta.pt |
Horta,[a] officially theVery Loyal City of Horta,[b] is a city in thePortuguese archipelago of theAzores encompassing the island ofFaial, being coterminous with theHorta Municipality (Município da Horta). The population in 2011 was 15,038[1] in an area of 173.06 square kilometres (66.82 mi2).[2] The city of Horta itself has a population of about 7,000.[3]
Horta's marina is a primary stop foryachts crossing theAtlantic Ocean, and its walls and walkways are covered with paintings created by visitors noting the names of their vessels, crews, and the years they visited. Peter's Cafe Sport is a bar located across from the marina that houses the island'sscrimshaw museum, a collection of artifacts carved from whale tooth and jawbone. Peter's is a point of reference for transatlantic yachters and sailors.
TheLegislative Assembly of the Azores is located in Horta, making it Azores' legislative capital.
In 1467 theFlemish noblemanJosse van Huerter returned to Faial on a second expedition, this time disembarking along the shore of what would be known as Horta Bay. He built a small chapel which would later form the nucleus of a small community known asHorta, a name possibly derived from the transliteration of his name. In thePortuguese language the wordhorta means "orchard," another possible origin of the settlement's name. TheinfanteD. Fernando,Duke of Viseu, granted Huerter the firstcaptaincy of the island on February 2, 1468.
Unlike on other Azorean islands, Flemish peasants and business interests were not the first settlers of Faial. The first Faialense settlers were generally farmers from continental Portugal—particularly northern Portugal—hoping to escape poverty. Huerter eventually cultivated new business opportunities inFlanders, attracting a second wave of Flemish settlers under the stewardship ofWillem van der Haegen (later transliterated toGuilherme da Silveira), who brought Flemish administrators, tradesmen, settlers, and other compatriots to settle on Faial.
Huerter's son Joss de Utra (who would become the secondCaptain-General) and his daughter D. Joana de Macedo (who marriedMartin Behaim at the Santa Cruz chapel) continued living on Faial long after van Huerter's death. In 1498 KingManuel I of Portugal decreed Horta elevated to the status ofvila (town), as its center had grown to the north from the area around the Santa Cruz chapel. The island prospered by exportingwheat andwoad-derived dyes.
On June 28, 1514, the parish of Matriz do São Salvador da Horta was constituted and services were begun. In 1567 the cornerstone of what would be the Fort of Santa Cruz was laid. Horta's increasing population compelled the creation of the parishes of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (July 30, 1568) and Nossa Senhora da Angustias (November 28, 1684) by thediocese ofAngra. As two nuclei developed around Santa Cruz and Porto Pim, growth also extended around the older Matriz, where the Tower Clock now stands, and the public square, whereAlameda Barão de Roches now exists. Public buildings were erected betweenRua Visconde Leite Perry andRua Arriage Nunes and eventually the town hall and court offices moved to the former Jesuit College, after theJesuits were expelled from Portugal in 1758.
In 1583—during the beginning of theIberian Union—Spanish soldiers under the command ofD. Pedro de Toledo landed in Pasteleiro on Faial's southwestern coast. After skirmishing at the doors of the fort, the Spanish executed Captain of Faial António Guedes de Sousa. Four years laterGeorge Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland—while commanding a fleet of 13 British ships in theAzores Voyage of 1589—captured a Spanish ship and then plundered Faial's churches and convents, profaning them and destroyingreliquaries andcrucifixes. The British captured several artillery pieces and set fire to houses within the Fort of Santa Cruz. In 1597 a new Britishforce underWalter Raleigh, second in command toRobert Devereux, Earl of Essex, sacked and burned religious buildings and churches in Horta and the neighboring parishes ofFlamengos,Feteira, andPraia do Almoxarife. The constant threat ofprivateers and pirates forced the construction of several forts and lookouts.
In 1643, Horta had about 2579 inhabitants and 610 homes. In 1675 D. Frei Lourenço,Bishop of Angra, authorized the renovation and re-ornamentation of the chapel of Santa Cruz. This work was completed in 1688.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Horta was a small town extending along the shoreline. It was peppered by various convents and churches, but little commerce and almost no industry. However, due to its central location in the Azores and Atlantic Ocean, it prospered as a stopover on important commercial routes between Europe and theAmericas. For a time Horta was a center of commerce and travel, particularly as a gateway for Azorean orange exports and exports of wine fromPico Island, as well as an important stop for North American whalers, and later as a refueling port for coal-powered ships during their transatlantic passages.[4]
In 1804 John Bass Dabney (1766–1826), the United States Consul General in the Azores, married Roxanne Lewis and moved to a home in Horta.[4] Their son Charles William Dabney (who later married Francis Alsop Pomeroy) succeeded his father in this position and played an important part in the history and economy of Horta and Faial.[4] This was helped by the construction of a commercial port in 1876 and the installation of transatlantictelegraph cables in 1893. The Dabney family steered the island's economy for 83 years with good effect on the dynamic growth of the port, the export oforanges andVerdelho wine from Pico, and commerce related to the whaling industry.[4]
On September 26, 1814, the American privateerbrigGeneral Armstrong, under the command ofSamuel Chester Reid, was sunk by three ships of the BritishRoyal Navy under the command of Robert Lloyd.[4][5] After being forced to scuttle his ship, Reid formally protested the ship's destruction in a neutral port, criticizing Portuguese incapacity to defend their own waters.[4] Her principal piece ofnaval artillery, the cannon "Long Tom", was later recovered from Horta Bay. It was eventually offered toGeneral Batcheller, theUnited States Minister inLisbon, in compensation. General Batcheller returned to Horta to pick up the cannon and delivered it toNew York City on board the ship USSVega on or about April 18, 1893.[citation needed]
On July 4, 1833, thevila of Horta, through the initiative of theDuke d'Ávila and Bolama, was elevated to the status of city and the district capital as a reward for Faial's support ofLiberal forces during thePortuguese Liberal Revolution. The city hall's coat of arms were changed to read “Very Loyal City of Horta” by decree of KingLuís I of Portugal on May 3, 1865.
Construction of Horta's commercial port in 1876 increased the city's international importance. On August 23, 1893, the first telegraph cables linking Horta (Alagoa) and Lisbon (Carcavelos) made Horta a link in transatlantic communication. The presence of several foreign cable companies in Horta increased the economic activity and development, urban growth, and frequency of cultural and sporting activities on the island. Between 1893 and 1969 Horta was an important post in intercontinental communications.
Horta entered into the annals of early aviation history whenUnited States Navy CaptainAlbert Cushing Read completed the first Atlantic leg of the firsttransatlantic flight when he landed hisCurtiss NC-4floatplane in the Bay of Horta in May 1919.
In 1921 Dutch seagoingtugboats began using Horta as a stopover. After a hiatus duringWorld War II, they returned during the period of European reconstruction.
After 1939 Horta was a scheduled waypoint on the transatlanticflying boat routes betweenNorth America andEurope, including thePan Am Clipper fleet which docked in Horta harbour.
By 1960 yachts started using Horta's sheltered port during transatlantic voyages.
On 24 August 1971, in the civil parish of Castelo Branco,President of PortugalAmérico Tomás inaugurated theHorta Airport. Since 1972 theSociedade Açoreana de Transportes Aéreos (which was the forerunner ofSATA Air Azores) has provided scheduled flights from Horta to the islands of thetriangle (Central Group). During the 1980sTAP Air Portugal, the nationalflag carrier, established direct service from Horta toLisbon, while further fleet improvements allowed SATA to directly link Horta with all Azorean islands. Following major renovations in December 2001, the airport was designated aninternational airport, although no foreign airlines have scheduled or charter flights arriving at Horta Airport.
Periodic improvements to Horta harbour allowed the city to become a stopover for yachts and cruise ships and provide ongoing assistance to transatlantic voyagers. This was facilitated when the municipal authority inaugurated a 300-slipmarina on 3 June 1986. Horta harbour is a fleet centre for the Azorean ferry linesTransmaçor and Atlanticoline, resulting in new investments and the construction of a secondary pier for inter-island passenger traffic.
Horta has a mild maritime climate, which according toKöppen can be classified as ahumid subtropical climate with significantMediterranean influences. The average annual temperature is around 18 °C (64 °F). Precipitation averages about 1,087 millimetres (42.8 in) per year and is particularly concentrated from October to March. July and August are the driest months. Temperatures are mild to warm year-round and average 20 °C (68 °F) in the daytime and 15 °C (59 °F) at night.
| Climate data for Horta (Observatório Príncipe Alberto do Mónaco), altitude: 55 metres (180 ft), 1991-2020 normals, 1961-1990 sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.2 (73.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 29.7 (85.5) | 27.6 (81.7) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 31.1 (88.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.8 (78.4) | 24.6 (76.3) | 21.9 (71.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20.2 (68.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.0 (71.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 17.9 (64.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.2 (54.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.1 (59.2) | 13.6 (56.5) | 15.5 (59.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 4.7 (40.5) | 3.0 (37.4) | 6.9 (44.4) | 8.7 (47.7) | 12.4 (54.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 16.0 (60.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.5 (45.5) | 5.3 (41.5) | 3.0 (37.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 105.4 (4.15) | 92.8 (3.65) | 113.7 (4.48) | 77.2 (3.04) | 77.7 (3.06) | 59.0 (2.32) | 41.8 (1.65) | 47.8 (1.88) | 87.9 (3.46) | 132.2 (5.20) | 111.9 (4.41) | 139.7 (5.50) | 1,087.2 (42.80) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1 mm) | 13.3 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 9.7 | 13.6 | 11.6 | 15.2 | 129.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 80 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 91 | 95 | 120 | 155 | 182 | 174 | 232 | 238 | 178 | 144 | 103 | 83 | 1,795 |
| Source 1:IPMA (normals & precipitation)[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA (sunshine hours & humidity)[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Horta (Monte da Guia), elevation: 62 m or 203 ft, 1971-1994 normals, 1961-1990 extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.1 (70.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.5 (76.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 31.1 (88.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.0 (60.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.4 (70.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 24.2 (75.6) | 21.4 (70.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.9 (67.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.4 (72.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.9 (62.4) | 15.2 (59.4) | 17.4 (63.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 16.2 (61.2) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.7 (65.7) | 16.5 (61.7) | 14.7 (58.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 14.9 (58.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) | 3.9 (39.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 11.1 (52.0) | 10.6 (51.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 3.9 (39.0) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 90.0 (3.54) | 94.0 (3.70) | 74.9 (2.95) | 63.4 (2.50) | 58.7 (2.31) | 47.2 (1.86) | 33.5 (1.32) | 54.5 (2.15) | 95.6 (3.76) | 115.3 (4.54) | 123.8 (4.87) | 111.1 (4.37) | 962 (37.87) |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 80 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 91 | 95 | 120 | 155 | 182 | 174 | 232 | 238 | 178 | 144 | 103 | 83 | 1,795 |
| Source 1:IPMA (normals & precipitation)[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA (sunshine hours & humidity),[7] Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (extremes)[9] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1849 | 24,763 | — |
| 1900 | 22,075 | −10.9% |
| 1930 | 21,510 | −2.6% |
| 1960 | 20,281 | −5.7% |
| 1981 | 15,489 | −23.6% |
| 1991 | 14,920 | −3.7% |
| 2001 | 15,063 | +1.0% |
| 2004 | 15,224 | +1.1% |
| 2011 | 15,038 | −1.2% |
| 2021 | 14,331 | −4.7% |
Three parishes comprise the urban area of the city of Horta (the urbanized area and historical center):Angústias,Conceição, andMatriz. The remaining parishes comprising the rest of the municipality are located along the Regional E.R.1-1ª road network, and includes lands from the ocean to the central volcano (with the exception of Flamengos, which is the only landlocked parish). Faial Island, comprising Horta's urbanized area and the parishes, has an area of 173.06 square kilometres (66.82 mi2)[2]
In 2011, the national census discovered a resident population of 15,038: a slight decrease from the 2001 population (15,063 inhabitants).[1] Yet, the number of aggregate families grew significantly (4795 to 5465 families reporting their participation in such groups), an increase from 2.8 to 3.1 people per family. Similarly, there has been a 21.69% increase in the number occupied buildings within the municipality.[1]
I love Horta likeloquats! I had a longing of what was, I don't know how, of here. Everything imagined is more or less frustrated when we comprehend: but in Horta, no, it is exceeded. At the end of the Rua do Mar are the built-up homes; over the unique celebretated road of the town are the alleyways that descend to the coast and provide a modest contribution to the fires and transit.
From Espalamaca or Monte da Guia, the city of Horta is typical of insular Portuguese coastal communities and the urban traditions of theMiddle Ages andRenaissance. The city is seaward looking, much like Angra do Heroísmo orVelas. It is rounded by several volcanic cones located to its southern and eastern margins, the most prominent being Monte da Guaia, Monte do Carneiro, and Monte Escuro. Horta is centered along its principal avenue—referred to as either Avenida Marginal or Avenida D. Infante Henriques—and cut by several smaller roads. The city's historical center lies to the north near Espalamaca, with a grouping of north–south and east–west roads developed during initial colonization. The population of Horta's urban center during the first decade of the 21st century was about 7,000.[3]
Horta grew from streets such as:
These streets formed from the central colony along hills parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ocean. Littoral growth was made cautiously until the town square, civic center, town hall, and local water wells were built along the seashore in both directions. Religious institutions generally mark the extent of urbanized–rural limits (as theConvent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo and Convent of the Capuchos do today to the northeast).
Modern Horta grew beyond the limits of this early colonization. A secondary nucleus grew in the area of Porto Pim, and infilling occurred sporadically until a crescent formed along the banks of the east coast, only contained by Ponte de Espalamaca to the north and open ocean to the south. The cinder cones in the south likely protected settlers and ships from the north Atlantic weather systems. Horta grew slowly into the river valleys of Faial's interior, linking the parishes of Flamengos to the west and Feteira to the southwest to form an incomplete urbanized mass. The nodes of growth basically follow the road network, including the recently completed "Scute" (freeway) that bypasses the southern E.R.1-1ª road between Angustias and Feteira.
Due to its central position in theTriangle of islands in the Azores's Central Group, Horta has been the focus of economic activity on Faial. It was the staging and export centre for many of the economic cycles of the region: the export of woad-derived dyes, oranges,whale oil, and Pico-grown Verdelho wines historically built Faial's economy. Many of the landed gentry concentrated their shops, production facilities, and homes in the city, while agricultural goods were shipped to the city before being sent on to Europe or North America. For a long time, the island of Pico was an exclave of Horta with summer homes, agricultural parcels, and herds owned by residents of Faial, until its emancipation on 8 March 1723.
After the failure of the economic cycles through boom-and-bust economies (brought on by weather, plant disease, or market deviation), the city of Horta became a staging point for transatlantic shipment firstly for whaling fleets, and later for the submarine cable companies that laid communication lines between Europe and North America. These spurts of growth concentrated the population and political and economic classes within Horta, and economic activities on Faial.
Horta today is polarized between the same dichotomy that existed between the hinter- and heartlands, with most primary economic activities (agricultural mostly) dispersed into the parishes, while the secondary and tertiary activities are concentrated in the three main parishes (Angústias, Conceição and Matriz). In addition, the prosperity of the early 20th century, concentrated on the transatlantic traffic, has developed into a tourist-oriented economy concentrated on the architecture, geographic, leisure, and sociocultural aspects of the island. This includes sightseeing tours and whale-watching expeditions departing from the city, the arrival of semi-weekly cruise ships during the summer, and cultural festivals that unite local residents and visitors throughout the year.
The island is circled by the Regional E.R.1-1ª roadway which directly connects all parish centres (except Flamengos) with the city Horta. Apart from personal vehicles, a bus system provides daily access to the city from the outer parishes.
The centre of most activity in the municipality is Horta's port and passenger terminal which, until 28 July 2012, was located south of the Fort of Santa Cruz in the parish of Angustias. The passenger ferries operated byTransmaçor (theCruzeiro do Canal andCruzeiro da Ilha) provided passenger service to and from the island of Pico (Madalena), whileAtlânticoline (using contracted ships) provided inter-island service to the remaining islands from the main dock across the harbour. On 28 July 2012, a new passenger ferry and dock was inaugurated across the harbour at the mouth of theRibeira da Conceição across from the old District Courthouse.[13][14] A €33 million project, the dock was started in 2009, and resulted in a 393-metre (1,289 ft) long wharf, with a 267-metre (876 ft) long by 80-metre (260 ft) wide usable docking space containing two ramps forroll-on/roll-off operation, with the express purpose of supporting passenger traffic within thetriangle islands of the central Azores.[13] A 130-metre (430 ft) long embankment 20,000 square metres (220,000 ft2) in area was also built to protect the Ribeira da Conceição.[13] The project involved changes to the road network in the area, parking areas, pavement and green-spaces, as well as new public illumination, water supply, telecommunications, and fueling resources.[13] In addition to these improvements, Transmaçor acquired two new ships to be brought into service by the end of 2014 in order to support the island's tourist economy. At the new wharf's inauguration, President of the Azorean Regional Government Carlos Cesar indicated the importance of inter-island traffic for the islands, which for 16 years had transported 290,000 passengers annually (and now is beyond 400,000).[14]
The city contains the Horta Regional Museum which has a permanent exhibit,Exhibition of Capelinhos Volcano, detailing in photographs the 1957 volcanic eruption in the Azores. The museum also contains a large collection of scale models of buildings, ships, and people carved fromfig kernels by Euclides Rosa.[15]
Mark Twain visited Horta in June 1867 near the beginning of a long pleasure excursion toJerusalem. He described his visit with acerbic commentary on the people and culture of Horta in his semi-autobiographical bookThe Innocents Abroad. In the book Twain compliments Horta's physical appearance:
However, Twain painted a less complimentary picture of the inhabitants of Horta and Faial at the time:
Joshua Slocum, sailing thesloopSpray, stopped in Horta on the first leg of his solo globalcircumnavigation, which he chronicled in his 1899 bookSailing Alone Around the World.Jules Verne mentioned Horta in his fictional tales.
In works by Portuguese writersVitorino Nemésio (O Corsário das Ilhas) andRaul Brandão (As ilhas Desconhecidas), Faial is a focus of the story.
Parishes ofHorta municipality | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
 Municipalities of theAzores Autonomous Region | ||
|---|---|---|
| Corvo |  | |
| Faial | ||
| Flores | ||
| Graciosa | ||
| Pico | ||
| Santa Maria | ||
| São Jorge | ||
| São Miguel | ||
| Terceira | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
