Horse racing is anequestrian performance activity, typically involving two or morehorses ridden byjockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has been mostly unchanged since at leastclassical antiquity.[1]
Horse races vary widely in format, and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport. Variations include restricting races to particularbreeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on differenttrack surfaces, and running in differentgaits. In some races, horses are assigned different weights to carry to reflect differences in ability, a process known as handicapping.[2]
While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport, a major part of horse racing's interest and economic importance is in thegambling associated with it,[3] an activity that in 2019 generated a worldwide market worth around US$115 billion.[4]
Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practiced in civilizations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred inAncient Greece,Ancient Rome,Babylon,Syria,Arabia, andEgypt.[10] It also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as in the contest between the steeds of the godOdin and the giantHrungnir inNorse mythology.
Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports ofancient Greece,Rome and theByzantine Empire. By 648 BCE, both chariot and mounted horse racing events were part of the ancientGreek Olympics,[11] and were important in the otherPanhellenic Games. Chariot racing was dangerous to both driver and horse, often leading to serious injury and even death. In theRoman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries.[12] From the mid-fifth century BCE,spring carnival in Rome closed with a horse race. Fifteen to twenty riderless horses, originally imported from theBarbary Coast ofNorth Africa, were set loose to run the length of theVia del Corso, a long, straight city street. The race lasted about two-and-a-half minutes.
In later times,Thoroughbred racing became popular with British royalty and aristocrats, earning it the title of "Sport of Kings".[13]
Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and displayed the horsemanship required for battle. Horse racing evolved from impromptu competitions among riders and drivers. The various forms of competition, which required demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment. The popularity of equestrian sports throughout the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have vanished once horses were no longer used in combat.[14]
In Britain, horse racing became well-established in the 18th century, and continued to grow in popularity.King Charles II (reigned 1649 to 1685) was an avid sportsman who gaveNewmarket its prominence. By 1750, theJockey Club was formed as a way to control the Newmarket races, set the rules of the game, prevent dishonesty, and create a level field.[15] TheEpsom Derby began in 1780.The first of the five classic races began with theSt Leger Stakes in 1776. In 1814, the system was complete with five annual races.[16] While Newmarket and the Jockey Club set the standards, most of the racing took place in landowners' fields and in rising towns for small cash prizes and enormous local prestige. The system of wagering was essential to funding and growing of the industry, and all classes, from paupers to royalty participated. Members of high society were in control, and they made a special effort to keep out the riff-raff and to keep the criminal element away from the wagering. With real money at stake, the system needed skilled jockeys, trainers, grooms, and experts at breeding, which opened up new careers for working-class rural men. Every young ambitious stable boy could dream of making it big.[17]
In addition to its rich history, horse racing is marked by noteworthy statistics. The Thoroughbred Secretariat still holds the fastest times in the 1973 Triple Crown races. Jockey Russell Baze demonstrated exceptional skill with an unmatched 12,842 victories. Economic significance is reflected in the career earnings of the American Pharoah, totaling over $8.6 million. These quantifiable achievements add another facet to the captivating history of horse racing."
Horse racing has also seen technological advancements, with innovations like photo finishes, electronic timing, and advanced breeding techniques enhancing the sport’s precision and competitiveness.
Horse racing was one of the few sports that continued during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis,[18] with the Australian and Hong Kong racing jurisdictions carrying on, albeit with no crowds. The United States, the United Kingdom, and France were some of the more prominent racing bodies to either postpone or cancel all events.
Saddle Trotting, where horses must trot from a starting point to a finishing point under saddle
Endurance racing, where horses travel across the country over extreme distances, generally ranging from 25 to 100 miles (40 to 161 km). Anything less than 25 miles qualifies as a limited distance ride or LD.
Flat racing is the most common form of horse racing seen worldwide. Flat racing tracks are typically oval in shape and are generally level, although in Great Britain and Ireland there is much greater variation, including figure-of-eight tracks likeWindsor and tracks with often severe gradients and changes of camber, such asEpsom Racecourse. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe and dirt more common in North America and Asia. Newly designed synthetic surfaces, such asPolytrack orTapeta, are seen at some tracks.
Individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards (400 m) to more than four miles (6.4 km), although races longer than two miles (3.2 km) are quite rare, and distances between five and twelve furlongs (1.0 and 2.4 km) are the most common. Short races are generally referred to as "sprints", while longer races are known as "routes" in the United States or "staying races" in Europe. Although fast acceleration ("a turn of foot") is usually required to win either type of race, in general sprints are seen as a test of speed, while long-distance races are seen as a test of stamina. The most prestigious flat races in the world, such as thePrix de l'Arc de Triomphe,Melbourne Cup,Japan Cup,Epsom Derby,Kentucky Derby andDubai World Cup, are run over distances in the middle of this range and are seen as tests of both speed and stamina to some extent.
In the most prestigious races, horses are generally allocated the same weight to carry for fairness, with allowances given to younger horses and female horses running against males. These races are calledconditions races and offer the biggestpurses. There is another category of races calledhandicap races where each horse is assigned a different weight to carry based on its ability.[23] Besides the weight they carry, horses' performance can also be influenced by position relative to the inside barrier, sex, jockey, and training.
Jump (or jumps) racing in Great Britain and Ireland is known asNational Hunt racing (although, confusingly, National Hunt racing also includes flat races taking place at jumps meetings; these are known asNational Hunt flat races). Jump racing can be subdivided intosteeplechasing andhurdling, according to the type and size of obstacles being jumped. The word "steeplechasing" can also refer collectively to any type of jump race in certain racing jurisdictions, particularly in the United States.
Typically, horses progress to bigger obstacles and longer distances as they get older, so that a European jumps horse will tend to start in National Hunt flat races as a juvenile, move on to hurdling after a year or so, and then, if thought capable, move on to steeplechasing.
A type of racing where horses go around a track while pulling a sulky and a driver behind them. In this sport, Standardbreds are used. These horses are separated into two categories, trotters and pacers. Pacers move the legs on each side of their body in tandem, while trotters move their diagonal legs together. The latter are typically faster than the former due to the gaits used.[24] Occasionally a horse will break their gait into an actual canter or gallop. This could cause the loss of a race or even a disqualification.[25] Notable races include the Hambletonian and the Breeder's Crown series.[26]
Ridden trot races are more common in places such as Europe and New Zealand. These horses are trotters who race on the flat under saddle with a jockey on their backs.[27]
Suffolk Downs starting gate, East Boston, Massachusetts
The length of an endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while other races can be up to one hundred miles. There are a few races that are even longer than one hundred miles and last multiple days.[28] These different lengths of races are divided into five categories: pleasure rides (10–20 miles), non-competitive trail rides (21–27 miles), competitive trail rides (20–45 miles), progressive trail rides (25–60 miles), and endurance rides (40–100 miles in one day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in multiple days).[28] Because each race is very long, trails of natural terrain are generally used.
Contemporary organizedendurance racing began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the beginning of theTevis Cup[29] This race was a one-hundred-mile, one-day-long ride starting inSquaw Valley,Placer County, and ending inAuburn. Founded in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference was the United States' first national endurance riding association.[30] The longest endurance race in the world is theMongol Derby, which is 1,000 km (620 mi) long.[31]
In most horse races, entry is restricted to certain breeds; that is, the horse must have a sire (father) and a dam (mother) who are studbook-approved individuals of whatever breed is racing.[citation needed] For example, in a normal harness race, the horse's sire and dam must both be pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quarter Horse racing, where an Appendix Quarter Horse may be considered eligible to race against (standard) Quarter Horses. The designation of "Appendix" refers to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Quarter Horse registry. An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issues a "Racing Register of Merit", which allows a horse to race on Quarter Horse tracks, but not be considered a Quarter Horse for breeding purposes (unless other requirements are met).[32]
A stallion who has won many races may be put up tostud when he is retired.Artificial insemination andembryo transfer technology (allowed only in some breeds) have brought changes to the traditions and ease of breeding.
Pedigrees of stallions are recorded in various books and websites, such asWeatherbys Stallion Book, theAustralian Stud Book andThoroughbred Heritage.[citation needed]
There are three founding sires that all Thoroughbreds can trace back to in the male line: theDarley Arabian, theGodolphin Arabian, and theByerley Turk, named after their respective ownersThomas Darley, Lord Godolphin, and Captain Robert Byerly. They were taken to England, where they were bred with mares from English and imported bloodlines.[33] The resultant foals were the first generation of thoroughbreds, and all modern thoroughbreds are their descents. Thoroughbreds range in height, which is measured inhands (a hand being four inches). Some are as small as 15 hands while others are over 17. Thoroughbreds can travel medium distances at fast paces, requiring a balance between speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds may bebay,black, dark bay/brown,chestnut,gray,roan,white orpalomino. Artificial insemination, cloning and embryo transfer are not allowed in the Thoroughbred breed.[34]
The standardbred is a breed of horse used for a variety of purposes, but they are largely bred for harness racing. They are descended from thoroughbreds, morgans, and extinct breeds. Standardbreds are typically docile and easy to handle. They do not spook easily and are quite versatile in what they can do. They can be jumpers, dressage, and pleasure riding horses.[35]
The Arabian horse was developed by theBedouin people of the West Asia specifically for stamina over long distances, so they could outrun their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the first Arabians was brought to North America,[36] and not until about the time of theCivil War that they were bred as purebreds. Until the formation of the Arabian Horse Registry of America in 1908, Arabians were recorded with theJockey Club in a separate subsection from Thoroughbreds.
Arabians must be able to withstand traveling long distances at a moderate pace. They have an abundance of type Imuscle fibers, enabling their muscles to work for extended periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabian are not nearly as massive as those of the Quarter Horse, which allow it to travel longer distances at quicker speeds. The Arabian is primarily used today inendurance racing but is also raced over traditional race tracks in many countries.
Arabian Horse Racing is governed by the International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing.[37]
The ancestors of the Quarter Horse were prevalent in America in the early 17th century. These horses were a blend ofColonial Spanish horses crossed with English horses that were brought over in the 1700s. The native horse and the English horse were bred together, resulting in a compact, muscular horse. At this time, they were mainly used for chores such as plowing and cattle work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the formation of theAmerican Quarter Horse Association in 1940.[38]
In order to be successful in racing, Quarter Horses need to be able to propel themselves forward at extremely fast sprinter speed. The Quarter Horse has much larger hind limb muscles than the Arabian, which make it less suitable for endurance racing.[39] It also has more type II-b muscle fibers, which allow the Quarter Horse to accelerate rapidly.
When Quarter Horse racing began, it was very expensive to lay a full mile of track so it was agreed that a straight track of four hundred meters, or one-quarter of a mile, would be laid instead.[40] It became the standard racing distance for Quarter Horses and inspired their name. With the exception of the longer, 870-yard (800 m) distance contests, Quarter Horse races are run flat out, with the horses running at top speed for the duration. There is less jockeying for position, as turns are rare, and many races end with several contestants grouped together at the wire. The track surface is similar to that of Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt.
In addition to the three main racing breeds above and their crosses, horse racing may be conducted using various other breeds: Appaloosa, American Paint Horse,Selle Français, AQPS[41] and KoreanJeju.[42]
Muscles are bundles of contractile fibers that are attached to bones by tendons. These bundles have different types of fibers within them, and horses have adapted over the years to produce different amounts of these fibers.[43][44]
Type I muscle fibers are adapted foraerobic exercise and rely on the presence of oxygen. They are slow-twitch fibers. They allow muscles to work for longer periods of time resulting in greater endurance.
Type II muscles are adapted foranaerobic exercise because they can function in the absence of oxygen.
Type II-a fibers are intermediate, representing a balance between the fast-twitch fibers and the slow-twitch fibers. They allow the muscles to generate both speed and endurance. Thoroughbreds possess more Type II-a muscle fibers than Quarter Horses or Arabians. This type of fiber allows them to propel themselves forward at great speeds and maintain it for an extended distance.
Type II-b fibers are fast-twitch fibers. These fibers allow muscles to contract quickly, resulting in a great deal of power and speed.
The conditioning program for the horses varies depending on the race length. Genetics, training, age, and skeletal soundness are all factors that contribute to a horse's performance.[45] The muscle structure and fiber type of horses depends on the breed; therefore, genetics must be considered when constructing a conditioning plan. A horse's fitness plan must be coordinated properly in order to prevent injury or lameness. If these are to occur, they may negatively affect a horse's willingness to learn.[45] Sprinting exercises are appropriate for training two-year-old racehorses, but the number is limited by psychological factors as well as physical.[45] A horse's skeletal system adapts to the exercise it receives. Because the skeletal system does not reach full maturity until the horse is at least six years of age, young racehorses often suffer injuries.[45]
Horse racing at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841Horse racing at Toledo, Ohio, 1910Horse race in Benin, Africa
In the United States, Thoroughbred flat races are run on surfaces of either dirt, synthetic or turf. Other tracks offerQuarter Horse racing andStandardbred racing, on combinations of these three types of racing surfaces. Racing of other breeds, such as Arabian horse racing, is found on a limited basis. American Thoroughbred races are run at a wide variety of distances, most commonly from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0 to 2.4 km); with this in mind, breeders of Thoroughbred race horses attempt to breed horses that excel at a particular distance (seedosage index).
Horse racing in the United States and on the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains ofLong Island, New York.[46] This first racing meet in North America was supervised by New York's colonial governor,Richard Nicolls. The area is now occupied by the presentNassau County, New York, a region of GreaterWestbury and East Garden City. The South Westbury section is still known as Salisbury.
The first record of quarter-mile length races dated back to 1674 inHenrico County,Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses, and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name from the length of the race.
Tracing back the history of horse racing in the United States to its earliest inception in 1665, this sport has become an industry contributing approximately $15 billion to the U.S. economy today.[4] Horse racing has become the second most popularspectator sport in the United States with the establishment of historic tracks like Belmont Park, major events like the Kentucky Derby, and significant institutions such as the American Stud Book.
TheAmerican Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.[47]
Belmont Park is located at the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred racecourse in the world, and it has the sport's largestgrandstand.
The traditional high point of US horse racing is theKentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May atChurchill Downs inLouisville, Kentucky. Together, the Derby; thePreakness Stakes, held two weeks later atPimlico Race Course inBaltimore, Maryland; and theBelmont Stakes, held three weeks after the Preakness atBelmont Park on Long Island, form theTriple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. They are all held early in the year, throughout May and the beginning of June. In recent years theBreeders' Cup races, run at the end of the year, have challenged the Triple Crown events as determiners of the three-year-old champion. The Breeders' Cup is normally held at a different track every year; however, the 2010 and 2011 editions were both held at Churchill Downs, and 2012, 2013 and 2014 races were held atSanta Anita Park.Keeneland, in Lexington, Kentucky, hosted the 2015 Breeders' Cup.
American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state where the race is located.[49] Simulcast betting exists across state lines with minimal oversight except the companies involved through legalizedparimutuel gambling. A takeout, or "take", is removed from eachbetting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed.[50] One form of parimutuel gaming isInstant Racing, in which players bet on video replays of races.
Advanced Deposit Wagering is a form of gambling on the outcome of horse races in which the bettor must fund his or her account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone. In contrast to ADW, credit shops allow wagers without advance funding; accounts are settled at month-end. Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a cut of ADW revenues.
The most famous horse from Canada is generally considered to beNorthern Dancer, who after winning theKentucky Derby, Preakness and Queen's Plate in 1964 went on to become the most successful Thoroughbred sire of the twentieth century; his two-minute-flat Derby was the fastest on record untilSecretariat in 1973. The only challenger to his title of greatest Canadian horse would be his sonNijinsky II, who is the last horse to win the EnglishTriple Crown.Woodbine Racetrack (1956) in Toronto is home of theQueen's Plate (1860), Canada's premier Thoroughbred stakes race, and theNorth America Cup (1984), Canada's premier Standardbred stakes race. It is the only race track in North America which stages Thoroughbred and Standardbred (harness) meetings on the same day. TheCanadian International andWoodbine Mile (1981) are Canada's most important Grade I races worthCan$1,000,000 each, and have been won by many renowned horses such asSecretariat andWise Dan respectively. Other key races includeWoodbine Oaks (1956),Prince of Wales Stakes (1929),Breeders' Stakes (1889) andCanadian Derby (1930).
There are15 racecourses in the Czech Republic, most notably Pardubice Racecourse, where the country's most famous race, theVelka Pardubicka steeplechase, has been run since 1874.[51] However, the first official race was organized back in 1816 byEmperor Francis II nearKladruby nad Labem. The Czech horse racing season usually starts at the beginning of April and ends sometime in November. Racing takes place mostly at weekends and there is usually one meeting on a Saturday and one on Sunday.[52] Horse races, as well as Thoroughbred horse breeding, is organized by Jockey Club Czech Republic, founded in 1919.[53]
France has a major horse racing industry. It is home to the famousPrix de l'Arc de Triomphe held atLongchamp Racecourse, the richest race in Europe and the third richest turf race in the world after theJapan Cup andthe Everest with a prize of 4 million Euros (approximately US$4.2 million). Other major races include theGrand Prix de Paris, thePrix du Jockey Club (the FrenchDerby) and thePrix de Diane. Besides Longchamp, France's other premier flat racecourses includeChantilly andDeauville. There is also a smaller but nevertheless important jumps racing sector, with Auteil Racecourse being the best known. The sport's governing body isFrance Galop.
1890 engraving of horses jumping theBecher's Brook fence in theGrand National. With treacherous fences combined with the distance (over 4 miles), the race has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".[54]Eclipse, an undefeated British racehorse and outstanding sire.
Horse racing in Great Britain is predominantly thoroughbredflat andjumps racing. It was in Great Britain in the 17th to 19th centuries that many of the sport's rules and regulations were established. Named afterEdward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby,The Derby was first run in 1780. The race serves as the middle leg of the BritishTriple Crown, preceded by the2000 Guineas and followed by theSt Leger. The name "Derby" has since become synonymous with great races all over the world, and as such has been borrowed many times in races abroad.[55]
TheGrand National is the most prominent race inBritish culture, watched by many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.[56] Many of the sport's greatest jockeys, most notably SirGordon Richards, have been British. The sport is regulated by theBritish Horseracing Authority. The BHA's authority does not extend to Northern Ireland; racing in Ireland is governed on anAll-Ireland basis.
Despite having an ancient tradition with well-documented history, all racetracks in Greece have ceased operation due to theGreek government-debt crisis.[57]
Hungary has a long-standing horse racing tradition. The first horse racing in Pest was noted on June 6, 1827.[citation needed] Although racing in Hungary is neither as popular nor as prestigious as it is in Western Europe, the country is notable for producing some fine international racehorses. Foremost of these isKincsem, foaled in 1874 and the most successful Thoroughbred racehorse ever, having won 54 races in 54 starts. The country also producedOverdose, a horse who won his first 12 races, includinggroup races in Germany and Italy, and finished fourth in theKing's Stand Stakes atRoyal Ascot.
Ireland has a rich history of horse racing;point to pointing originated there, and even today,jump racing is more popular than racing on the flat. As a result, every year Irish horse racing fans travel in huge numbers to the highlight event of the National Hunt calendar, theCheltenham Festival, and in recent years Irish owned or bred horses have dominated the event.[citation needed] Ireland has a thriving Thoroughbred breeding industry, stimulated by favorable tax treatment.[citation needed] The world's largest Thoroughbred stud farm,Coolmore Stud, has its main site there (in addition to major operations in the U.S. and Australia).
In recent years,[when?] various Irish bred and trained horses achieved victory in one or more of theBritish 2000 Guineas,The Derby and thePrix de l'Arc de Triomphe, considered the three most prestigious races in Europe. In the six runnings of the Epsom Derby between 2008 and 2013, Irish horses filled 20 of the first 30 placings, winning the race 5 times.[citation needed]
Historically, Italy has been one of the leading European horse-racing nations, albeit in some respects behind Great Britain, Ireland, and France in size and prestige. The late Italian horse breederFederico Tesio was particularly notable. In recent years, however, the sport in the country has suffered a major funding crisis, culminating in its 2014 expulsion from the EuropeanPattern.[58]
Horse racing in Poland can be dated to 1777, when a horse owned by Polish nobleKazimierz Rzewuski beat the horse of the Englishchargé d'affaires,Sir Charles Whitworth, on the road fromWola toUjazdów Castle. The first regular horse racing was organized in 1841 onMokotów Fields inWarsaw by Towarzystwo Wyścigów Konnych i Wystawy Zwierząt Gospodarskich w Królestwie Polskim (in English, the Society of Horse Racing in Congress Poland). The main racetrack in Poland is Warsaw's Służewiec Racecourse. The industry was severely limited during theCommunist era, when gambling, the major source of funding, was made illegal.
Tambo Valley Picnic Races, Victoria, Australia 2006
Horse racing in Australia was founded during the early years of settlement and the industry has grown to be among the top three leading Thoroughbred racing nations of the world.[59] The world-famousMelbourne Cup, therace that stops a nation, has recently attracted many international entries. In country racing, records indicate that Goulburn commenced racing in 1834.[60] Australia's first country racing club was established at Wallabadah in 1852 and the Wallabadah Cup is still held on New Year's Day (the current racecourse was built in 1898).[61]
In Australia, the most famous racehorse wasPhar Lap (bred in New Zealand), who raced from 1928 to 1932. Phar Lap carried9 st 12 lb (62.5 kg) to win the 1930 Melbourne Cup. AustraliansteeplechaserCrisp is remembered for his battle with Irish championRed Rum in the 1973Grand National. In 2003–2005 the mareMakybe Diva (bred in Great Britain) became the only racehorse to ever win theMelbourne Cup three times, let alone in consecutive years. Still more recently, another mare,Winx. won the prestigiousCox Plate four straight times, and set a modern-era world record for most consecutive race wins by a Thoroughbred, winning the last 33 races of her career. Inharness racing, Cane Smoke had 120 wins, including 34 in a single season,Paleface Adios became a household name during the 1970s, whileCardigan Bay, a pacing horse from New Zealand, enjoyed great success at the highest levels of American harness racing in the 1960s. More recently,Blacks A Fake has won fourInter Dominion Championships, making him the only horse to complete this feat in Australasia's premier harness race.[62]
Competitive endurance riding commenced in Australia in 1966, when the Tom Quilty Gold Cup was first held in the Hawkesbury district, near Sydney. The Quilty Cup is considered the National endurance ride and there are now over 100 endurance events contested across Australia, ranging in distances from 80 km to 400 km.[63] The world's longest endurance ride is theShahzada 400 km Memorial Test which is conducted over five days traveling 80 kilometers a day at St Albans on theHawkesbury River,New South Wales. In all endurance events, there are rigorous vet checks, conducted before, during and after the competition, in which the horses' welfare is of the utmost concern.[64]
Racing is a long-established sport in New Zealand, stretching back to colonial times.
Horse racing is a significant part of the New Zealand economy which in 2004 generated 1.3% of the GDP. The indirect impact of expenditures on racing was estimated to have generated more than $1.4 billion in economic activity in 2004 and created 18,300 full-time equivalent jobs. More than 40,000 people were involved in some capacity in the New Zealand racing industry in 2004. In 2004, more than one million people attended race meetings in New Zealand.[65] There are 69 Thoroughbred and 51 harness clubs licensed in New Zealand. Racecourses are situated in 59 locations throughout New Zealand.
The bloodstock industry is important to New Zealand, with the export sale of horses – mainly to Australia and Asia – generating more than $120 million a year. During the 2008–09 racing season 19 New Zealand bred horses won 22 Group One races around the world.[66]
The most famous New Zealand standardbred horse is probably Cardigan Bay.Stanley Dancer drove the New Zealand bred horse, Cardigan Bay to win $1 million in stakes in 1968, the first harness horse to surpass that milestone inAmerican history.[69] Other horses of note includeYoung Quinn,Christian Cullen, Lazarus and the trotterLyell Creek.
On 25 June 1812, theChamp de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated by TheMauritius Turf Club which was founded earlier in the same year by ColonelEdward A. Draper. The Champ de Mars is situated on a prestigious avenue inPort Louis, the capital city and is the oldest racecourse in thesouthern hemisphere. The Mauritius Turf Club is the second oldest active turf club in the world.
Undeniably, racing is one of the most popular sports inMauritius now attracting regular crowds of 20,000 people or more to the only racecourse of the island.
A high level of professionalism has been attained in the organization of races over the last decades preserving the unique electrifying ambiance prevailing on race days at the Champ de Mars.
Champ de Mars has four classic events a year such as the Duchess of York Cup, the Barbé Cup, the Maiden Cup, and the Duke of York Cup.
Most of the horses are imported from South Africa but some are also acquired from Australia, the United Kingdom and France.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]
Horse racing is a popular sport in South Africa that can be traced back to 1797. The first recorded race club meeting took place five years later in 1802.[78] The national horse racing body is known as theNational Horseracing Authority and was founded in 1882. The premier event, which attracts 50,000 people to Durban, is theDurban July Handicap, which has been run since 1897 atGreyville Racecourse. It is the largest and most prestigious event on the continent, with betting running into the hundreds of millions of Rands. Several July winners have gone on to win major international races, such as Colorado King, London News, and Ipi Tombe.[79] However, the other notable major races are the Summer Cup, held atTurffontein Racecourse inJohannesburg, and The Sun Met, which is held atKenilworth Racecourse inCape Town.
Horse racing in one form or another has been a part of Chinese culture for millennia. Horse racing was a popular pastime for the aristocracy at least by theZhou dynasty – 4th century B.C. GeneralTian Ji's stratagem for a horse race remains perhaps the best-known story about horse racing in that period. In the 18th and 19th centuries, horse racing and equestrian sports in China was dominated byMongol influences.
Thoroughbred horse racing came to China with British settlements in the middle 1800s and most notably centered around the treaty ports, including the two major race courses in Shanghai, theShanghai Racecourse and the International Recreation Grounds (in Kiang-wan), and the racecourses ofTianjin. The Kiang-wan racecourse was destroyed in the lead-up to theSecond Sino-Japanese War and the Shanghai Race Club closed in 1954. The former Shanghai Racecourse is now People's Square and People's Park and the former club building was theShanghai Art Museum.
As Hong Kong andMacau areSpecial Administrative Region, they're allowed to exemption from ban of gambling on mainland China. (See below)
Horse racing was banned in theRepublic of China from 1945, and the People's Republic of China maintained the ban after 1949, although allowances were made for ethnic minority peoples for whom horse sports are a cultural tradition. Speed horse racing (速度赛马) was an event in theNational Games of China, mainly introduced to cater to minority peoples, such as theMongols. The racecourse was initially 5 km, but from 2005 (the 10th National Games) was extended to 12 km. The longer race led to deaths and injuries to participating horses in both 2005 and the 11th National Games in 2009. Also, with the entry into the sport ofHan majority provinces such asHubei, which are better funded and used Western, rather than traditional, breeding and training techniques, meant that the original purpose of the event to foster traditional horse racing for groups like the Mongols was at risk of being usurped. At the 2009 National Games, Hubei won both the gold and silver medals, withInner Mongolia winning bronze. As a result of these factors, the event was abolished for the 12th National Games in 2013.
Club horse racing reappeared on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, the China Speed Horse Race Open inWuhan was organized as the qualification round for the speed horse race event at the National Games the next year, but was also seen by commentators as a step towards legalizing both horse racing and gambling on the races.[80] The Wuhan Racecourse was the only racecourse that organized races in China.[81] In 2014, the Wuhan Jockey Club organized more than 80 races. Almost all Chinese trainers and jockeys stabled in Wuhan. However, with the demise of the event at the National Games and the government not relenting from the ban on commercial racing, various racecourses built in recent years are all in a state of disuse: The Nanjing Racecourse, which previously hosted National Games equestrian events, is now used as a car park;[82] theBeijing Jockey Club was shut down in 2008. The racecourse inInner Mongolia has not been active since 2012.
Horse racing eventually returned to mainland China on the year 2014 as the one-day, five-card event for foreign horses, trainers and jockeys.[83] Standardized horse racing events have gradually emerged in China.[84]
The British tradition of horse racing left its mark with the creation of one of the most important entertainment and gambling institutions in Hong Kong. Established as theRoyal Hong Kong Jockey Club in 1884, the non-profit organization conducts nearly 700 races every season at the two race tracks: inHappy Valley andSha Tin.
All horses are imported. Hong Kong has no breeding industry.[85] The sport annually draws millions of dollars of tax revenue. Off-track betting is available from overseas bookmakers.
In the 1920s, the Hong Kong Jockey Club had race meetings for visitors already. Visitors were divided into public and member. The charges for these two types of visitors are different.
The charge for admission to the Public Enclosure is $1 per day for all while soldiers and sailors can enjoy half price. On the other hand, members are required to show their badges to obtain admission to the Members' Enclosure. And also the charge for admission to the Members' Enclosure is $2 per day.[86] By comparing the lowest wage in 1929, we observe that the lowest wage is around $12 ( $0.4 per day) which has a large distance for the requirement enclosure.[87] Therefore, we can observe that the race meetings are mainly opened for upper class mostly while grass-root has a lower chance to touch horse racing activity.
Nowadays, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is a cornerstone of modern Hong Kong. It donates all its profits to the Hong Kong government, charities and public institutions. It is the territory's largest taxpayer, contributing 11% of the government's revenues in 2000. In economic terms, the Hong Kong Jockey Club is an old-fashioned government-protected monopoly; all other forms of gambling are illegal in this industry.[88]
Sweepstakes were introduced in Hong Kong during the 1920s. There are three types of sweepstakes which are the Special Cash Sweeps, the Last Race Sweep and the Ordinary Cash Sweeps. Special Cash Sweeps were at first drawn twice a year, and increased to three times a year later given its popularity. It carried the highest prize money amongst three types of sweepstakes. The Last Race Sweep commanded higher prize money then Ordinary Cash Sweeps, which were drawn for almost every race and therefore carried the lowest prize money.[89]
Sweepstakes could be purchased either at sweepstakes stations or from sweepstakes vendors throughout Hong Kong. With different numbers print on each sweepstake, one sweepstake is drawn and assigned, for each horse participating in the race, and the sweepstake attached to the winning horse would win the first prize. Likewise, the number of the first runner-up and second runner-up would win the second and third prize, respectively, with the rest winning consolation prizes. With the introduction of new bet types in horse racing and the launch of the Mark Six lottery in the 1970s, the club finally stopped selling sweepstakes in 1977.[89]
India's first racecourse was set up in Madras in 1777,Guindy race course. Today India has nine racetracks operated by seven racing authorities.[citation needed]
Japan has two governing bodies that control its horseracing – theJapan Racing Association (JRA), andNational Association of Racing (NAR). Between them they conduct more than 21,000 horse races a year. The JRA is responsible for horseracing events at ten major racecourses in metropolitan areas, while the NAR is responsible for various local horseracing events throughout Japan. Racing in Japan is mainlyflat racing, but Japan also hasjump racing and a sled-pulling race known asBan'ei (also called Draft Racing).
InMalaysia, horse racing was introduced during the British colonial era and remains to the present day as a gambling activity. There are three race courses in Peninsular Malaysia, namelyPenang Turf Club, Perak Turf Club, andSelangor Turf Club. Within and only within the turf clubs, betting on horse racing is a legal form of gambling. Racing in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is conducted and governed under the Rules of the Malayan Racing Association and betting in Malaysia is operated and organized by Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd. In East Malaysia, races are governed independently by the Royal Sabah Turf Club[91] and the Sarawak Turf Club.[92]
Mongolian horse racing takes place during theNaadam festival. Mongolia does not have Thoroughbred horse racing. Rather, it has its own Mongolian style of horse racing in which the horses run for at least a distance of 25 kilometers.[93]
Horse races are held in Pakistan at four clubs. In Lahore atLahore Race Club, Rawalpindi at Chakri, in Karachi atKarachi Race Club, and in Gujrat at Gujrat Race Club.
Horseracing in the Philippines began in 1867. The history of Philippine horseracing has three divisions according to the breeds of horses used. They are the Philippine-pony era (1867–1898), the Arabian-horse era (1898–1930), and the Thoroughbred-era (1935–present).[94]
Horse racing was introduced to Singapore by the British in 1843, and remained one of the legal forms of gambling after independence. It was a highly popular form of entertainment with the local Singaporean community for 181 years. Races were typically held on Friday evenings and Sundays at theSingapore Turf Club inKranji. Horse racing also left its mark in the naming of roads in Singapore such as Race Course Road inLittle India, where horse racing was first held in Singapore, and Turf Club Road inBukit Timah where Singapore Turf Club used to be situated before moving to its final location in 1999. In-person attendance at horse races declined dramatically during the 2010s, and after theCovid-19 pandemic the 30,000-seat grandstand was regularly filled to less than 10% capacity. The racetrack was finally closed in October 2024, its land reclaimed by the government to make way for public housing.[95]
Horse racing in South Korea dates back to May 1898, when a foreign language institute run by the government included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it wasn't until the 1920s that modern horse racing involvingbetting developed. The nation's first authorised club, the Chosun Racing Club, was established in 1922 and a year later, thepari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.[96]
TheKorean War disrupted the development of horse racing in the country, but after theSeoul Olympics in 1988, the Olympic Equestrian Park was converted into racing facilities namedSeoul Race Park, which helped the sport to develop again.[96]
Horses have been an important role in Turks' lives throughout history. After the modern Republic Of Turkey was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the number of breeding and racing Arabian and thoroughbred racehorses accelerated rapidly, especially after the beginning of the 1930s. The Jockey Club of Turkey, founded in 1950, was the turning point of both the Turkish breeding and racing industries.
The big race in theUAE is theDubai World Cup, a race with a purse of US$12 million, which was the largest purse in the world until being surpassed bythe Saudi Cup, a race in Riyadh with a $20 million purse that held its first edition in 2020.[97] Other races include theDubai Kahayla Classic with a purse of US$250,000.
The Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, reportedly the world's largest race track, opened on March 27, 2010, for the Dubai World Cup race. The race track complex contains two tracks with seating for 60,000, a hotel, restaurants, theater and a museum.
There is no parimutuel betting in the UAE as gambling is illegal.[98]
In Argentina the sport is known as turf. Some of the most famous racers areIrineo Leguisamo, Vilmar Sanguinetti, Marina Lezcano, Jorge Valdivieso, Pablo Falero and Jorge Ricardo. The most notable Argentine horse of recent decades isInvasor, who won Uruguay's Triple Crown in 2005; won four U.S. Grade I races in 2006, including theBreeders' Cup Classic, on his way to being named that country'sHorse of the Year; and ended his racing career in 2007 with two more Grade I/Group One wins, including the Dubai World Cup.
Carlos Gardel's tangoPor una cabeza is about horse racing, a sport of which he was a known fan. Gardel was a good friend ofIrineo Leguisamo, who is the most recognized Uruguayan jockey, who raced numerous years in Argentine.[citation needed]
At many horse races, there is a gambling station, where gamblers canstake money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited at some tracks; Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renownedTD Bank Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase inCamden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to a 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, most tracks offerparimutuel betting where gamblers' money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction is made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, an alternative and more popular facility is provided bybookmakers who effectivelymake a market in odds. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' odds on a horse at a particular time (known as 'taking the price' in the UK).Parimutuel gambling on races also provides not only purse money to participants but considerable tax revenue, with over $100 billion wagered annually in 53 countries.[99]
Anna Waller, a member of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of North Carolina, co-authored a four-year-long study of jockey injuries and stated toThe New York Times that "For every 1,000 jockeys you have riding [for one year], over 600 will have medically treated injuries." She added that almost 20% of these were serious head or neck injuries. The study reported 6,545 injuries during the years 1993–1996.[100][101] More than 100 jockeys were killed in the United States between 1950 and 1987.[102]
Horses also facedangers in racing. 1.5 horses die out of every 1,000 starts in the United States.[103] The U.S. Jockey Club in New York estimates that about 600 horses died at racetracks in 2006. The Jockey Club in Hong Kong reported a far lower figure of 0.58 horses per 1,000 starts. There is speculation that drugs used in horse racing in the United States, which are banned elsewhere, are responsible for the higher death rate in the United States.[103]
In the Canadian province ofOntario, a study of 1,709 racehorse deaths between 2003 and 2015 found that the majority of deaths were attributable to "damage during exercise to the horses'musculoskeletal system", including fractures, dislocations, and tendon ruptures.[104] Mortality rates were eight times higher forthoroughbreds thanstandardbreds, and highest amongst young horses. The study also found that the incidence of off-track deaths was twice as high for thoroughbreds.
In the United Kingdom, 186 horses were killed as a direct result of racing in 2019. Of these 145 died in National Hunt (jump) racing and 41 in flat racing.[105] A report published in 2005 estimated that "around 375 horses who are entered into races each season die from their injuries, or they are killed because they are considered of no further commercial value, even though they are young enough to continue racing." It added, "Reasons for horses being destroyed include broken legs, back, neck and pelvis; fatal spinal injuries, exhaustion, heart attack, and burst blood vessels in the lungs."[106]
^"Horse Racing Terms".Official Horse Picks. 10 April 2020.Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved10 April 2020.
^Campbell,National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report, p. 111
^ab"Annual Report 2019"(PDF). International Federation of Horseracing Authorities. 2019.Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved11 May 2022.
^Waller, Anna E.; Daniels, JL; Weaver, NL; Robinson, P (8 March 2000). "Jockey Injuries in the United States".JAMA.283 (10):1326–8.doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1326.PMID10714733.