 | |
| Campaign | U.S. presidential election, 1868 |
|---|---|
| Candidate | Horatio Seymour 18thGovernor of New York (1853–1854, 1863-1864) Francis Preston Blair Jr. U.S. Representative forMissouri's 1st district (1857–1859) |
| Affiliation | Democratic Party |
| Status | Lost general election: November 3, 1868 |
| Slogan(s) | Peace, Union, and constitutional government. |
In 1868, theDemocrats nominated formerNew York GovernorHoratio Seymour forPresident andFrancis Preston Blair Jr. (aRepresentative fromMissouri) forVice President.[1] The Seymour-Blair ticket ran on a platform which supported national reconciliation andstates' rights, opposedReconstruction, and opposed both Black equality and Black suffrage. Meanwhile, the Republican presidential ticket led by General Ulysses S. Grant benefited from Grant's status as a war hero (for winning the American Civil War) and ran on a pro-Reconstruction (and pro-Fourteenth Amendment) platform. Ultimately, the Seymour-Blair ticket ended up losing to the Republican ticket ofGeneralUlysses S. Grant andHouse SpeakerSchuyler Colfax in the1868 U.S. presidential election.[1]
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The 1868 election occurred three years after the end of theAmerican Civil War and less than a year afterPresidentAndrew Johnson'simpeachment (Johnson failed to get convicted by one vote).[2] In addition, during the 1868 campaign season, theFourteenth Amendment was ratified in order to secure basic rights for newly freed African-Americans.[2] Some controversy was generated due to the fact that theRepublicanU.S. Congress made ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment a precondition for the formerConfederate states to rejoin the Union.[2]
After the 1866 elections, some prominent Democrats considered nominatingGeneral Ulysses S. Grant as the Democratic nominee for U.S. president in 1868.[2] However, this idea was dropped after Grant made it clear that he did not want to be associated with the Democratic Party.[2] The Democrats then turned to their 1864 vice presidential nominee and formerOhioCongressmanGeorge H. Pendleton.[2] Pendleton – the initial frontrunner for the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination[3] – was a principled opponent of U.S. PresidentAbraham Lincoln during the American Civil War, was noted for his intelligence and civility, and had a lot of support in theWestern United States.[2] What ultimately doomed Pendleton's bid was his "soft money views" and specifically his support of printing more money in order to spur inflation so that debtors can have some relief.[2] Thus, some Democrats searched for a "hard money" alternative (specifically someone who supported thegold standard) to Pendleton – with Indiana SenatorThomas A. Hendricks being a possible contender for this role.[2]
Another prominent candidate for the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination wasChief JusticeSalmon P. Chase.[2] While Chase won the support of Democrats such as CongressmenS. S. "Sunset" Cox ofNew York andDaniel Voorhees ofIndiana, what ultimately doomed his bid was his support ofBlack manhood suffrage and other basic rights forAfrican-Americans.[2] Other Democratic presidential candidates in 1868 included SenatorJames Doolittle ofWisconsin,GovernorJoel Parker ofNew Jersey,GovernorJames English ofConnecticut, GeneralWinfield Scott Hancock ofPennsylvania (who ultimately ended up becoming the Democratic presidential nominee in1880), formerLieutenant GovernorSanford Church of New York, and former Congressman andrailroad presidentAsa Packer of Pennsylvania.[2] In addition, incumbent U.S. President Andrew Johnson attempted to secure conservative support for getting the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination.[2] However, many of President Johnson's initial supporters abandoned him as a result of his 1868 impeachment.[2]
On July 4, 1868, the1868 Democratic National Convention opened in the newTammany Hall building inNew York City.[2] New York Governor Horatio Seymour, who first supported Thomas A. Hendricks and then Salmon P. Chase for the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination,[1] was selected as the chairman of this convention.[2] The 1868 Democratic Party platform accepted the demise of bothslavery andsecession, but also demanded the end of Reconstruction by calling for the return of authority to the states, the non-renewal of theFreedmen’s Bureau,amnesty for all former Confederates, and the withdrawal of theU.S. military from theSouthern United States.[2] The platform also accused the Republicans – "the Radical party" – of violating the constitutional rights of the Southern states and of subjecting them to "military despotism and Negro supremacy."[2]
On the first ballot, George Pendleton led with 105 votes to President Johnson's 65, Sanford Church's 34, and General Hancock's 33.5.[2] For the next several ballots, Pendleton increased his support among the delegates while Hancock moved into a distant second place and while Hendricks moved into third place.[2] Meanwhile, support for President Johnson dwindled until it disappeared on the 14th ballot.[2] On the seventh and eighth ballots, Pendleton peaked at 156.5 delegates – which caused New York's delegation to switch their support from favorite son Sanford Church to Thomas Hendricks.[2] As Pendleton's support collapsed, Hendricks took the lead for a while but was unable to sustain it after General Winfield Scott Hancock's home state of Pennsylvania added its delegates to his column – thus allowing Hancock to overtake Hendricks and to take the lead for the first time.[2] Ultimately, Hancock led through the 21st ballot.[1] Meanwhile, Salmon Chase’s name was put into nomination on the 17th ballot and George Pendleton’s name was withdrawn on the 18th ballot.[1]
On the 22nd ballot, GeneralGeorge McCook nominated former New York Governor Horatio Seymour, causing spontaneous cheering and demonstrations of approval.[1] Seymour did not want the nomination and thus declined it, but the delegates unanimously nominated him anyway.[1] For Seymour's running mate, the delegates unanimously voted for Missouri CongressmanFrancis Preston Blair Jr. (also known as Frank Blair Jr.).[1]
The 1868 Republican presidential nominee, General Ulysses S. Grant, did not openly campaign and instead left the job to surrogates.[1] Grant's surrogates gave stumpspeeches, circulated campaignpamphlets and political broadsides, rallied the voters withbarbecues and torchlightparades, and organized into pro-Grant clubs like the Tanners and the Boys in Blue.[1] The Republicans based their campaign on being the party that saved the Union, ended slavery, and began reforming the South.[1] They argued that the election of a Democratic president would result in gridlock which would hamperReconstruction.[1] Meanwhile, the Democrats argued that Republicans were in favor of Black equality or even Black superiority not only in the Southern U.S., but throughout the entire United States.[1] They also attacked the Republican-backed military rule in the Southern U.S. and argued that they were the only truly national party and thus the only party that could bring national reconciliation.[1] The Democrats also attacked Grant as being "a besotted, uncouth, simple-minded, unprincipled, Negro-loving tyrant."[1]
As a result of the Democrats' feeling of hopelessness, Horatio Seymour—the 1868 Democratic presidential nominee – engaged in a speaking tour near the end of the 1868 campaign.[1] On October 21, Seymour spoke inSyracuse and later traveled toBuffalo,Philadelphia,Pittsburgh,Cleveland,Columbus,Detroit,Indianapolis, andChicago.[1] However, the lackluster tone and repetitiveness of Seymour's speeches did not help his case (though these speeches were praised by Democraticnewspapers) and it also did not help Seymour that his running mate Blair was a loose cannon who made variousgaffes – such as predicting that a Grant Presidency would transform the U.S. into a military dictatorship.[1][4]
In the U.S. presidential election on November 3, 1868, Ulysses S. Grant defeated Horatio Seymour in the popular vote by a 53% to 47% margin and in the electoral vote by a margin of 214 to 80.[1] 78% of the American electorate participated in this election – including 500,000 African-American men who voted for the first time in this election.[1] While Seymour lost the election, there were some bright spots for him.[1] Specifically, he won New Jersey, New York andOregon and almost wonCalifornia.[1] In addition, Seymour wonKentucky,Maryland, andDelaware.[1] In addition, Grant only managed to win the popular vote in 1868 as a result of Black suffrage.[5] Historian Paul F. Boller Jr. wrote that "[i]t is apparent that if [Grant] had not won the 450,000 to 500,000 votes cast by the freedmen in the Southern states under military occupation, he would not have won his popular majority."[5]
In spite of the fact that Grant won the 1868 election, the Republicans largely lost interest in Reconstruction within the next several years – thus paving the way for the eventual emergence of theJim Crow South.[1] On the bright side, the Republicans' victory (with the help of African-American voters) in 1868 motivated them to pass and ratify theFifteenth Amendment which forbade discrimination in regards to the suffrage based on race, color, or former condition of servitude (though this Amendment was later largely circumvented in the former Confederate states through things such aspoll taxes (includinggrandfather clauses) andliteracy tests).[1] This is a notable development since, just a couple of years earlier, Republicans had refused to guarantee African-American suffrage in the Fourteenth Amendment due to their belief and fear that this will prevent the Fourteenth Amendment from being ratified.[6]
