Hor-Aha (orAha orHorus Aha;fl.c. 3085 BC)[1] is considered the secondpharaoh of theFirst Dynasty of Egypt by someEgyptologists, while others consider him the first one and corresponding toMenes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thought to have had a long reign.
The commonly used nameHor-Aha is a rendering of the pharaoh'sHorus-name, an element of theroyal titulary associated with the godHorus, and is more fully given asHorus-Aha meaningHorus the Fighter.[2]
Manetho's recordAegyptiaca (translating to History of Egypt) lists his Greek name asAthothis, or "Athotís".
For theEarly Dynastic Period, the archaeological record refers to the pharaohs by their Horus-names, while the historical record, as evidenced in theTurin andAbydos king lists, uses an alternative royal titulary, thenebty-name.[2][3] The different titular elements of a pharaoh's name were often used in isolation, for brevity's sake, although the choice varied according to circumstance and period.[3]
Mainstream Egyptological consensus follows the findings ofFlinders Petrie in reconciling the two records and connects Hor-Aha (archaeological) with thenebty-nameIty (historical).[2][3][4]
Inscription bearing Hor-Aha's serekh together with a Nebty-name expressed with the game-board hieroglyph, which could be readmn.
The same process has led to the identification of the historicalMenes (anebty-name) withNarmer (a Horus-name) evidenced in the archaeological record (both figures are credited with the unification of Egypt and as the first pharaoh of Dynasty I) as the predecessor of Hor-Aha (the second pharaoh).[2][3][4]
There has been some controversy about Hor-Aha. Some believe him to be the same individual as the legendaryMenes and that he was the one to unify all of Egypt.[5] Others claim he was the son of Narmer, the pharaoh who unified Egypt. Narmer and Menes may have been one pharaoh, referred to with more than one name. Regardless, considerable historical evidence from the period points to Narmer as the pharaoh who first unified Egypt (seeNarmer Palette) and to Hor-Aha as his son and heir.
Hor-Aha seems to have conducted many religious activities. A visit to a shrine of the goddessNeith is recorded on several tablets from his reign.[7] The sanctuary ofNeith he visited was located in the north-west of the Nile Delta atSais.[8] Furthermore, the first known representation of the sacredHenu-barque of the godSeker- was found engraved on a year tablet dating from his reign.[8]
Mastaba attributed toNeithhotep which is believed to have been built by Hor-Aha.
Vessel inscriptions, labels and sealings from the graves of Hor-Aha and Queen Neithhotep suggest that this queen died during the reign of Aha. He arranged for her burial in a magnificentmastaba excavated byJacques de Morgan.[9] QueenNeithhotep is plausibly Aha's mother[10] The selection of the cemetery of Naqada as the resting place of Neithhotep is a strong indication that she came from this province. This, in turn, supports the view that Narmer married a member of the ancient royal line of Naqada to strengthen the domination of the Thinite kings over the region.[8] However, in January 2016, a rock inscription demonstrated that Neithhotep was actually a queen regent early during the reign ofDjer, Hor-Aha's successor.[11][12] Therefore, the cemetery evidence only proves that Neithhotep did live during the reign of Hor-Aha but succeeded him into Djer's reign.
Most importantly, the oldest mastaba at the North Saqqara necropolis ofMemphis dates to his reign. The mastaba belongs to an elite member of the administration who may have been a relative of Hor-Aha, as was customary at the time.[8] This is a strong indication of the growing importance of Memphis during Aha's reign.
Few artifacts remain of Hor-Aha's reign. However, the finely executed copper-axe heads, faience vessel fragments,[13] ivory box and inscribed white marbles all testify to the flourishing of craftsmanship during Aha's time in power.[8]
Inscription on anivory tablet from Abydos suggests that Hor-Aha led an expedition against theNubians. On a year tablet, a year is explicitly called 'Year of smiting of Ta-Sety' (i.e. Nubia).[14]
During Hor-Aha's reign, trade with theSouthern Levant seems to have been on the decline. Contrary to his predecessor Narmer, Hor-Aha is not attested outside of the Nile Valley. This may point to a gradual replacement of long-distance trade between Egypt and its eastern neighbors by a more direct exploitation of the local resources by the Egyptians. Vessel fragment analysis from an Egyptian outpost atEn Besor suggests that it was active during Hor-Aha's reign. Other Egyptian settlements are known to have been active at the time as well (Byblos and along the Lebanese coast). Finally, Hor-Aha's tomb yielded vessel fragments from the Southern Levant.[15]
According to the Egyptian priestManetho (who lived over 2,600 years after Hor-Aha's reign), Aha built a palace inMemphis and was a skilled physician who wrote multiple books on anatomy.[16]
Clay seal fragment bearing Hor-Aha's serekh together with ḥ and t signs, perhaps meant to signify a personal nameHtj
Hor-Aha's chief wife wasBenerib, whose name was "written alongside his on a number of [historical] pieces, in particular, from tomb B14 atAbydos, Egypt".[17][18][19] Tomb B14 is located directly adjacent to Hor-Aha's sepulchre.[20] Hor-Aha also had another wife,Khenthap,[21] with whom he became father of Djer. She is mentioned as Djer's mother on the Cairo Annals Stone.
Hor-Aha's mother is believed to beNeithhotep. She is also believed to be wife of the lateNarmer and possibly remarried one of Hor-Aha's top three Grand Viziers by the name ofRekhit after the death of Narmer. The massive Naqada tomb in which Neithhotep was believed to be buried has 10 inscriptions of her in it. The same tomb also has 15 inscriptions toRekhit.
Hor-Aha's tomb comprises three chambers B10, B15 and B19, shown in inset. B14 could be the tomb of Hor-Aha's wifeBenerib.
The tomb of Hor-Aha is located in the necropolis of the kings of the 1st Dynasty at Abydos, known as theUmm el-Qa'ab. It comprises three large chambers (designated B10, B15, and B19), which are directly adjacent to Narmer's tomb.[22] The chambers are rectangular, directly dug in the desert floor, their walls lined with mud bricks.The tombs of Narmer and Ka had only two adjacent chambers, while the tomb of Hor-Aha comprises three substantially larger yet separated chambers. The reason for this architecture is that it was difficult at that time to build large ceilings above the chambers, as timber for these structures often had to be imported from Canaan.
A striking innovation of Hor-Aha's tomb is that members of the royal household were buried with the pharaoh, the earliest knownretainer sacrifices in Egypt. It is unclear if they were killed or committed suicide. Among those buried were servants,dwarfs, women and even dogs. A total of 36 subsidiary burials were laid out in three parallel rows north-east of Hor-Aha's main chambers. As a symbol of royalty Hor-Aha was even given a group of young lions.
Ivory label inscribed with the serekh of Hor-Aha and bearing the name of his wifeBenerib.
Ivory label bearing the serekh of Hor-Aha. It reports the victory over the "arch-usingSetjet-folks" (center) and the visit at the domain "Horus thrives with the cattles" (right).
Fragmented ebony label of Hor-Aha relating a visit of the king to the shrine of the goddess Neith of Sais in the Delta,British Museum.
Episode 1 of season 4 ofFranklin & Bash, "The Curse of Hor-Aha" revolves around a rare Egyptian artifact and the protagonists trying to find it to get their boss back.
Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king Hor-Aha), with Narmer as a supporting character.
^Seidlmayer, Stephan.The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty., quoted inAltenmüller, Hartwig (2010).Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. H.f.ullmann.ISBN978-3-8331-6000-4.
^F. Petrie Abydos, II, London: Egypt Exploration Fund. Memoir 23, A. J. SpencerEarly Egypt: The rise of civilisation in the Nile Valley, London: British Museum Press 1993
^W. M. Flinders Petrie:The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties 1901, Part II, London 1901, Taf. XI,1
^Baker, Darrell D. (2008).Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 8.ISBN978-977-416-221-3.
^W. M. Flinders Petrie:The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties 1901, Part II, London 1901, S. 7–8, Taf. LIX; and more recently: Werner Kaiser:Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit, In:Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 91 (1964), 86–124, and 96–102
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