Aholiday is aday or other period of time set aside forfestivals orrecreation.Public holidays are set by public authorities and vary by state or region. Religious holidays are set by religious organisations for their members and are often also observed as public holidays in religious majority countries. Some religious holidays, such asChristmas, have becomesecularised by part or all of those who observe them. In addition to secularisation, many holidays have become commercialised due to the growth of industry.[1]
Holidays can be thematic, celebrating or commemorating particular groups, events, or ideas, or non-thematic, days of rest that do not have any particular meaning. InCommonwealth English, the term can refer to any period of rest from work, such asvacations orschool holidays. InAmerican English, "the holidays" typically refers to the period fromThanksgiving toNew Year's (late November to January 1), which contains many important holidays in American culture.
The wordholiday comes from theOld English wordhāligdæg (hālig "holy" +dæg "day").[2] The word originally referred only to special religious days.
The wordholiday has differing connotations in different regions. In theUnited States, the word is used exclusively to refer to the nationally, religiously, or culturally observed day(s) of rest or celebration or the events themselves, whereas in theUnited Kingdom and otherCommonwealth nations, the word may refer to the period of time where leave from one's duties has been agreed upon and is used as a synonym for the US preferredvacation. This time is usually set aside for rest, travel, or participation in recreational activities, with entire industries targeted to coincide with or enhance these experiences. The days of leave may not coincide with any specific customs or laws. Employers and educational institutes may designate 'holidays' themselves, which may or may not overlap nationally or culturally relevant dates, which again comes under this connotation, but it is the first implication detailed that this article is concerned with. Modern use varies geographically. In North America, it means any dedicated day or period of celebration. In the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand,holiday is often used instead of the wordvacation.
The celebration of the New Year has been a common holiday across cultures for at least four millennia.[3] Such holidays normally celebrate the last day of a year and the arrival of the next year in a calendar system. In modern cultures using the Gregorian calendar, the New Year's celebration spansNew Year's Eve on 31 December andNew Year's Day on 1 January. However, other calendar systems also have New Year's celebration, such asChinese New Year andVietnamese Tet.[4] New Year's Day is the most common public holiday, observed by all countries using the Gregorian calendar exceptIsrael.[5]
Christmas is a popular holiday globally due to thespread of Christianity. The holiday is recognised as apublic holiday in many countries in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Australasia and is celebrated by over 2 billion people.[6] Although a holiday with religious origins, Christmas is often celebrated by non-Christians as a secular holiday. For example, 61% of British people celebrate Christmas in an entirely secular way.[7] Christmas has also become a tradition in some non-Christian countries. For manyJapanese people, it has become customary to buy and eatfried chicken on Christmas.[8][9]
Recently invented holidays commemorate a range of modern social and political issues and other important topics. The United Nations publishes a list of International Days and Weeks. One such day isInternational Women's Day on 8 March, which celebrates women's achievements and campaigns for gender equality and women's rights.[10]Earth Day has been celebrated by people across the world since 1970, with 10,000 events in 2007. It is a holiday marking the dangers of environmental damage, such aspollution and theclimate crisis.[11]
Othersecular holidays are observed regionally, nationally and across multi-country regions. The United Nations Calendar of Observances[12] dedicates decades to a specific topic, but also a complete year, month, week and days. Holidays dedicated to an observance such as the commemoration of the ending ofWorld War II, or theShoah, can also be part of thereparation obligation as perUN General Assembly Resolution 60/147 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law.[13]
Another example of a major secular holiday is theLunar New Year, which is celebrated across East Asia and South East Asia. Many other days are marked to celebrate events or people, but are not strictly holidays as time off work is rarely given; examples includeArbor Day,International Worker's Day (celebrated sometimes under different names and on different days in different countries), andEarth Day (22 April).
If a holiday coincides with another holiday or aweekend day a substitute holiday may be recognised in lieu. In the United Kingdom the government website states that "If a bank holiday is on a weekend, a 'substitute' weekday becomes a bank holiday, normally the following Monday.", and the list of bank holidays for the year 2020 includes Monday 28 December as "Boxing Day (substitute day)", as 26 December is a Saturday.[14] The process of moving a holiday from a weekend day to the following Monday is known asMondayisation in New Zealand.[15]
National days are days of significance to a nation or nation state. National days are typically celebratory of a state's independence (e.g.4 July in the US), founding or unification (e.g.German Unity Day), the commemoration of a revolution (e.g.Bastille Day in France) or liberation (e.g.9 May in the Channel Islands), or the feast day for apatron saint (e.g.St Patrick's Day in Ireland) or ruler (e.g. 5 December in Thailand). Belgium's national day, on the 21st of July, commemorates theoath of office ofthe first King of the Belgians (an uncle of the then-futureQueen Victoria), i.e., so to say, the day Belgium became a kingdom by ending the initialinterregnum. Every country other than Denmark and the United Kingdom observes a national day.[16] In the UK, constituent countries have official or unofficial national days associated with their patron saint. ABritish national day has often been proposed, such as the date of theActs of Union 1707 (1 May) or theKing's Official Birthday, but never adopted.[17]
Other days of national importance exist, such as one to celebrate the country's military orveterans. For example, Armistice Day (11 November) is recognised in World War I Allied nations (and acrossthe Commonwealth) to memorialise those lost in the World Wars. National leaders will typically attend remembrance ceremonies at national memorial sites. Maybe surprisingly, World War II Armistice Day (and victory againstNazism) day, on 8 May, is much less celebrated.
Many holidays are linked tofaiths andreligions (see etymology above).Christian holidays are defined as part of theliturgical year, the chief ones beingEaster andChristmas. The Orthodox Christian and Western-Roman Catholicpatronal feast day or "name day" is celebrated on each place's patron saint's day, according to thecalendar of saints.Jehovah's Witnesses annually commemorate "The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death", but do not celebrate other holidays with any religious significance such as Easter, Christmas or New Year. This holds especially true for those holidays that have combined and absorbed rituals, overtones or practices from non-Christian beliefs into the celebration, as well as those holidays that distract from or replace the worship of Jehovah.[18] InIslam, the largestholidays areEid al-Fitr (afterRamadan) andEid al-Adha (at the end of theHajj).Ahmadi Muslims additionally celebratePromised Messiah Day,Promised Reformer Day, andKhilafat Day, but contrary to popular belief, neither are regarded as holidays.Hindus,Jains andSikhs observe several holidays, one of the largest beingDiwali (Festival of Light).Japanese holidays as well as few Catholic holidays contain heavy references to several different faiths and beliefs. Celtic, Norse, andNeopagan holidays follow the order of theWheel of the Year. For example, Christmas ideas like decorating trees and colors (green, red, and white) have very similar ideas to modern Wicca (a modern Pagan belief) Yule which is a lesser Sabbat of the wheel of the year. Some are closely linked toSwedish festivities. TheBaháʼí Faith observes11 annual holidays on dates determined using theBaháʼí calendar. Jews have two holiday seasons: the Spring Feasts ofPesach (Passover) andShavuot (Weeks, calledPentecost in Greek); and the Fall Feasts ofRosh Hashanah (Head of the Year),Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement),Sukkot (Tabernacles), andShemini Atzeret (Eighth Day of Assembly).
Some religious holidays are also celebrated by many as secular holidays. For example, 61% of Brits celebrate Christmas in an entirely secular way.[7] 81% of non-Christian Americans also celebrate Christmas. A 2019 Gallup poll found that two-thirds of Americans still celebrate an at least somewhat religious Christmas.[19]
The claimed over-secularisation of particular holidays has caused controversy and claims of censorship of religion orpolitical correctness. For example, in the 1990s,Birmingham City Council promoted a series of events in the Christmas season under the brandWinterval to create a more multi-cultural atmosphere about the seasonal festivities. TheBishop of Birmingham responded to the events, saying "the secular world, which expresses respect for all, is actually embarrassed by faith. Or perhaps it is Christianity which is censored".[20] In the United States, conservative commentators have characterised the secularisation of Winter festivities as "theWar on Christmas".[21]
These are holidays that are not traditionally marked on calendars. These holidays are celebrated by various groups and individuals. Some promote a cause, others recognize historical events not officially recognized, and others are "funny" holidays celebrated with humorous intent. For example,Monkey Day is celebrated on December 14,International Talk Like a Pirate Day is observed on September 19, andBlasphemy Day is held on September 30. Other examples areApril Fools' Day on April 1 andWorld No Tobacco Day on May 31. Various community organizers and marketers promote oddsocial media holidays.
In the United States, holidays have been drawn into a culture ofconsumption since the late 19th century. Many civic, religious and folk festivals have beencommercialised. As such, traditions have been reshaped to serve the needs of industry. Leigh Eric Schmidt argues that the growth of consumption culture allowed the growth of holidays as an opportunity for increased public consumption and the orderly timing of it. Thus, after the Civil War, as department stores became the spatial expression ofcommercialism, holidays became the temporal expression of it.[1]
