Hobelars were a type oflight cavalry, or mountedinfantry, used inWestern Europe during theMiddle Ages for skirmishing. They originated in 13th century Ireland, and generally rodehobbies, a type of light and agile horse.
According to James Lydon, "There can be little doubt that the hobelar as a type of soldier originated in Ireland ... between the fully armoured knight on the 'equus coopertus' and the lightly armouredarcher on the 'equus discoopertus' there was an intermediate stage. This intermediary ... was provided by the hobelar." He further states that hobelars
were highly mobile, and excelled in scouting, reconnaissance and patrols ... eminently suited to the terrain in which military operations had to be conducted in Ireland. However superior theNormanknight might be upon the field of battle, the bogs and woods of Ireland gave little opportunity for the mail-clad charge. Thus there evolved in Ireland, as a habitual part of everyAnglo-Norman force, a type of light horseman, which came to be known as the hobelar. It was only a matter of time until this phenomenon found its way ... into other Anglo-Norman armies across theIrish Sea.[1]
More recently, however, this view has been challenged by Robert Jones, who believes that the ancestor of the hobelar was a form of second class cavalryman called amuntator. These soldiers originated in the Anglo-Welsh armies which invaded Ireland in the 12th century. Jones accepts, however, that the hobelar diverged from the Anglo-Welsh muntator during the 13th century, with the hobelar becoming lighter armed, perhaps for economic reasons. The hobelar is thus still seen as a response to military conditions in Ireland, rather than elsewhere.[2]
Hobelars were used successfully by both sides during theWars of Scottish Independence, withEdward I of England trying to gain advantage by preventing Irishexports of hobbies to Scotland.Robert Bruce employed the hobby for hisguerilla warfare and mounted raids, covering 60 to 70 miles (100 to 110 km) a day.[3] Within Ireland and Britain (and beyond), they were well-known and highly valued.Edward I was much impressed by the abilities of the Irish hobelar, resulting in extensive use of them in Scotland, even procuring six of them from theDecies for his own personal use.
The first reference to hobelars dates to 1296 in Ireland, when 260 accompanied a contingent of Irish troops toScotland underJohn Wogan, as part ofEdward I's army. Not until after 1300 were there any references of English hobelars. Edward mustered fourteen atCarlisle in June 1301. The following year he had three hundred and ninety included in an Irish force of two thousand three hundred. This rose to a total of four hundred and ninety-nine (out of an army of three thousand, four hundred) in 1303, all indicative of their value as light cavalry.[4]
It is clear from their rapid adoption into English armies operating in Scotland that the hobelar met a perceived tactical need and, in the early years of the 14th century, hobelars were to be found in all the major border garrisons.[5] It is also clear that these hobelars are increasingly Englishmen, rather than Irish. Of the 845 hobelars at the siege of Berwick in 1319, 500 were fromCumberland andWestmorland, 36 fromBarnard Castle, 24 fromNorham and 45 fromTynedale.[6] 376 English, 10 Welsh and 139 Irish hobelars were mustered atNewcastle in 1322.[7] The hobelar became a standard feature in English forces throughout the country in the 1320s and 1330s. Muster records for 1326 show hobelars being recruited inNorfolk, Suffolk andOxfordshire.[8]
In the 1330s, however, a new type of mounted infantryman begins to be recorded; the mounted archer.[9] In the period 1335 to 1350, the mounted archer gradually surpassed the hobelar as the predominant mounted auxiliary, especially for foreign service. For example, of the troops summoned to serve at thesiege of Calais in 1346–47, 600 were hobelars as against 5000 mounted archers.[10] At the same time, however, the hobelar's place within the structure of English military obligation crystallised. The arms of a hobelar were first formally defined in 1335.[11] In 1346, it was defined that a man with £10 of goods was to be armed as a hobelar[12]
The hobelar remained a named constituent of local forces through the rest of the 14th century but was less commonly mentioned in the 15th century.[13] The final reference to hobelars appears to be acommission of array in Norfolk and Suffolk in 1485.[14]
There is no surviving description of the equipment of the original Irish hobelar, but they may have been equipped after the style of native Irish cavalry of the period, who woreaketons,hauberks, andbasinets and wieldedswords,scians[15] andlances. The pony itself was unarmoured, and was ridden in the Irish style, i.e., no saddle, no bridle, no stirrups. In the 1335 description mentioned above, the English hobelar equipment is listed as horse, aketon orplates, basinet or palet,gorget, iron gauntlets, sword, knife, and lance.[16]
The native Irish horse, theIrish hobby, represented today by theConnemara pony,[citation needed] was a horse measuring twelve to fourteen hands high. Their name derives from the word 'hobin', a French word thought to be derived from the Gaelic term 'obann', meaning 'swift.' Though small, the hobby was not necessarily a horse of poor quality. The average value of 11 hobbies used in 1336 in Scotland was £6.8, slightly less than the average for other warhorses, but two hobbies were valued at £10. Another lost during the 1338 campaign in Flanders was valued at 20 marks (£13.6s.8d.)[17]
The scian is a knife
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