The area was initially part ofCambodian states until it became part of the VietnameseNguyễn lords in 1698, due toĐại Việt's expansionist policy ofNam tiến. It was capital of the Nguyễn lords at the end of their existence before theNguyễn dynasty was formed. After the fall of theCitadel of Saigon, it became the capital ofFrench Cochinchina from 1862 to 1949. It was also the capital ofFrench Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. After Francerecognized Vietnam's independence and unity,[nb 1] it was the capital of theState of Vietnam from 1949 to 1955. Following the1954 partition, it became the capital ofSouth Vietnam until it wascaptured byNorth Vietnam, who created a unifiedcommunist state in 1976 and renamed the city after their former leaderHồ Chí Minh, though the former name is still widely used in informal usages. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid expansion and modernization, which contributed toVietnam's post-war economic recovery and helped revive itsinternational trade hub status.
The first known human habitation in the area was aCham settlement called Baigaur.[nb 2]The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[12][13] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamedGia Định (嘉定) in 1698, a name that was retained until the time of theFrench conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the nameSài Gòn,francized asSaïgon,[13] although the city was still indicated as嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written inchữ Hán until at least 1891.[14]
The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given afterreunification in 1976 to honourHo Chi Minh.[nb 3] Even today, however, the informal name ofSài Gòn remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms:Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city centre inDistrict 1 and the adjacent areas, whileHo Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[13]
Saigon is written here as柴棍 along with other Southern Vietnamese cities. (On the left of the page, first row after "城庯三")
The original toponym behind Sài Gòn was attested earliest as柴棍, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier" (撫邊雜錄,Phủ biên tạp lục c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.
柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's "Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel" (嘉定城通志,Gia Định thành thông chí, c. 1820), "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country" (南國地輿教科書,Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư, 1908),[16] etc.
Adrien Launay'sHistoire de la Mission de Cochinchine (1688–1823), "Documents Historiques II: 1728 – 1771" (1924:190) cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon").
It is probably a transcription of Khmerព្រៃនគរ (Prey Nokôr)[17][18][nb 4], or Khmerព្រៃគរ (Prey Kôr).
The proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese堤岸 ("embankment",tai4 ngon6, SV: đê ngạn)[nb 5], theCantonese name ofChợ Lớn, (e.g. by Vương Hồng Sển) has been critiqued as folk-etymological, as: (1) the Vietnamese source Phủ biên tạp lục (albeit written in literary Chinese) was the earliest extant one containing the local toponym's transcription; (2)堤岸 has variant form提岸, thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to, not originals of, Sài Gòn. Saigon is unlikely to be from堤岸 since in "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country", it also listsChợ Lớn as𢄂𢀲 separate from柴棍 Sài Gòn.[original research?]
The current official name,Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in 1945, and later adopted in 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English asHo Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French asHô-Chi-Minh-Ville (thecircumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV. The name commemoratesHo Chi Minh, the first leader ofNorth Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ,胡) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (fromSino-Vietnamese,志明;Chí meaning 'will' or 'spirit', andMinh meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".[21] Nowadays, "Saigon" is still used as a semi-official name for the city, in some cases being used interchangeably with Ho Chi Minh City, partly due to its long history and familiarity.[22]
The earliest settlement in the area was aFunan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[23] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by theChampa.[23] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by theKhmer Empire around 1145,[23] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[24]
The firstVietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of theNguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between PrincessNguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn – daughter of LordNguyễn Phúc Nguyên – and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to theNguyễn lords.[25] Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.
The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gòn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice KingAng Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.
Thành Bát Quái (Citadel of EightTrigrams) orThành Quy (Citadel of Tortoise) in 1795.Map of Gia Định in 1815
In 1679, LordNguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from theQing dynasty to settle inMỹ Tho,Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698,Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers ofHuế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[26][27] KingChey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia fromAn Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese generalTrần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephewAng Em surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capitalPhnom Penh.[28] As a result, Saigon andLong An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands.[28]
In 1788,Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[29] Two years later, a largeVauban citadel calledGia Định, orThành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by VictorOlivier de Puymanel, one of theNguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries.[30] The citadel was captured byLê Văn Khôi duringhis revolt of 1833–35 against EmperorMinh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, calledPhụng Thành, was built in 1836.[31] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following theBattle of Kỳ Hòa.[31] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[23]
Ceded to France by the 1862Treaty of Saigon,[32] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonization. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including abotanical garden, theNorodom Palace,Hotel Continental,Notre-Dame Cathedral, andBến Thành Market, among many others.[33][34] In April 1865,Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[35] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[36] or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".[37]
On 27 April 1931, a newrégion calledSaigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[38] From about 256,000 in 1930,[39] Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[39]
Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era
TheSiege of Saigon fortress in 1859 by Franco-Spanish forces.
On 14 June 1949, 10 days after France returnedCochinchina to Vietnam, former EmperorBảo Đại made Saigon the capital of theState of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[40] The state was proclaimed in July. In July 1954, theGeneva Agreement partitioned Vietnamalong the17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communistViệt Minh, underHo Chi Minh, gaining complete control ofthe northern half of the country, while the southern half gained independence from France.[41] The State officially became theRepublic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime MinisterNgô Đình Diệm in the 1955referendum,[41] with Saigon as its capital.[42] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name,Đô Thành Sài Gòn ("Capital City Saigon").[43] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[43] In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to become District 9.[44] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts,Gia Định,Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), andPhú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[44]
Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[45] In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly undercapitalism;[43] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.[46] However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[43] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by theUSAID as being turned "into a huge slum".[47] The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according toStanley Karnow, it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".[42]
On 28 April 1955, theVietnamese National Army launchedan attack againstBình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[42][48] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including theHòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[42] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monkThích Quảng Đức burned himself in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm wasassassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup byDương Văn Minh.[42]
In July 1976, upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.[nb 6] At the time, the city covered an area of 1,295.5 square kilometres (500.2 sq mi) with eight districts and five rurals:Thủ Đức,Hóc Môn,Củ Chi,Bình Chánh, andNhà Bè.[44] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,[44] most recently in 2020, whenDistrict 2,District 9, andThủ Đức District were consolidated to form amunicipal city.[50]
On 29 October 2002, 60 people died and 90 injured in the International Trade Centerbuilding fire in Ho Chi Minh City.[51]
Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub".[52] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.[53] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a "Beta" city by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network.[54]
Population density and elevation above sea level in the city (2010). Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable tosea level rise
The city is located in thesouth-eastern region of Vietnam, 1,760 km (1,090 mi) south ofHanoi. The average elevation is 5 m (16 ft) above sea level for the city centre and 16 m (52 ft) for the suburb areas.[55] It bordersTây Ninh Province andBình Dương Province to the north,Đồng Nai Province andBà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east,Long An Province to the west,Tiền Giang Province andSouth China Sea to the south with a coast 15 km (9 mi) long. The city covers an area of 2,095 km2 (809 sq mi) or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up toCủ Chi District (12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border) and down toCần Giờ on the Eastern Sea. The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune,Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is 102 km (63 mi), and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is 47 km (29 mi).[citation needed] Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.[56]
Saigon is considered one of the most vulnerable cities to the effects ofclimate change, particularly flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in theSaigon River andĐồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city.[57][58] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.[59]
The city has atropical climate, specificallytropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%.[62] The year is divided into two distinct seasons.[62] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800 mm (71 in) annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[62] The dry season lasts from December to April.[62] The average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with little variation throughout the year.[62] The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 °C (104 °F) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 °C (57 °F) in January.[62] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[62]
Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city's government.Administrative divisions of HCMC's urban districts and municipal city 1–12. Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 (Part of city of Thu Duc). 2. City of Thủ Đức 13. Bình Thạnh 14. Bình Tân 15. Gò Vấp 16. Phú Nhuận 17. Tân Bình 18. Tân Phú
The city is a municipality at the same level asVietnam's provinces, which is subdivided into 22 district-level sub-divisions (as of 2020):
5 rural districts (1,601 km2 or 618 sq mi in area), which are designated as rural (huyện):
They are further subdivided into 5 commune-level towns (or townlets), 58 communes, and 249 wards (as of 2020[update], see List of HCMC administrative units below).[63]
TheHo Chi Minh City People's Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman isPhan Văn Mãi. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.
The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Council and consists of 105 members. The current chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ.
The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Court. The current chief judge is Lê Thanh Phong.
The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary isNguyễn Văn Nên. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People's Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People's Council is ranked fourth.[citation needed]
The population of the city, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[63] In mid-2007, the city's population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city's population was 7,162,864 people,[74] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[75] As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within thecity proper and over 21 million within itsmetropolitan area.[7]
In August 2017, the city's mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[76]The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[77]TheHo Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of thesoutheast region plusTiền Giang Province andLong An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[78] Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as "Saigonese" in English and "dân Sài Gòn" in Vietnamese.
The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%.Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number ofvarieties of Chinese, includingCantonese,Teochew (Chaozhou),Hokkien,Hainanese, andHakka; smaller numbers also speakMandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities includeKhmer with 0.34%,Cham with 0.1%, as well as a small group ofBawean fromBawean Island in Indonesia (about 400; as of 2015), they occupy District 1.[79]
Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, Russians, South Africans, Filipinos, French and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City as expatriate workers. The highest concentration of which are in Thu Duc and District 7.[80]
The city is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of theeconomy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country's land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of theFDI projects in the country in 2005.[82] In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[83] In 2009,GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country's average level of $1,042.[84]
Year
General description
2006
As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient offoreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[85] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[86]
2007
In 2007, the city's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country's GDP. The GDP adjusted toPurchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country's average). The city's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export – Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam's total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than otherVietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that ofHanoi.[87][failed verification]
2008
In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[88] In 2010, the city's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.[89]
2012
By the end of 2012, the city's GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion[dubious –discuss], or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011.[90] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[75]
2013
In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city's GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[91]
2014
By the end of 2014, the city's GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[92]
2020
The city's economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016–2019 and 2016–2020; the town grew at 6,59%. Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[93] however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid-19.[94]
Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world.Hi-tech Park, located inDistrict 9, is one of Vietnam's two national hi-tech parks.
The economy of the city consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.[95]
Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately 15 km (9 mi) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with theHi-Tech Park inThủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.
This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billionđồng (US$7.5 million)[98] with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.[citation needed]
As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park.Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. TheStock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.[citation needed]
On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Ho Chi Minh City received a score of 67.19.[99] This was a fall from 2022 in which the province received a score of 65.86. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Time Costs' and 'Law and Order' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Policy Bias'.[100]
Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. TheLandmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam.
With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[101] (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), the city needs increased public infrastructure.[63] To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such asSaigon South International School and AustralianRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre completed the 17.8 km (11.1 mi) 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and theMekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.[citation needed]
In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to city's ports reached 50.5 milliontonnes,[102] nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.
Apart from its French architecture, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to a number of buildings inspired byChinese architecture. Notable buildings are mostly found inChợ Lớn, where manyHoa people reside. These include theThien Hau Temple, which was first built around 1760, making it one of the oldest historic buildings still standing in the city.[104]
TheSaigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, located on the northern end of District 1, is one of the world's oldest zoos and botanical gardens. It contains a collection of over 600 rare animals and about 4,000 plant species, some of which are over 100 years in age.[108]
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Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard was the firstpedestrian street in Ho Chi Minh City. It opened to the public in April 2015, and is a popular spot for locals and visitors to gather.[109] Many events are held in the precinct throughout the year, including the annual flower festival duringTết.[110]
Bui Vien Walking Street is also well-known in Ho Chi Minh City due to its status as a hub for western backpackers and tourists.[111] Bui Vien Street, also known as "Western Street" (Pho Tay), is a backpacker district in Ho Chi Minh City that offers a variety of restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, live music pubs, and rooftop bars. Before becoming a walking street, Bui Vien Street was a popular destination for backpackers to have fun, try unfamiliar cuisines, and explore new places during their trip to Ho Chi Minh City.[112]
Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.
The city is served byTân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam's air passenger traffic[113][114]).Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025. Based inLong Thành District,Đồng Nai Province, about 40 km (25 mi) east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[115]
The city is also a terminal for manyVietnam Railways train routes in the country. TheReunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi fromSaigon Railway Station inDistrict 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[116] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[117]
The city's location on theSaigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, includingVũng Tàu,Cần Thơ and theMekong Delta, andPhnom Penh. Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[118] In 2017, theSaigon Waterbus launched, connectingDistrict 1 toThu Duc City.[119]
TheHCMC Metro, arapid transit network, is being built in stages.Line 1 was opened 2024.[120] The line connectsBến Thành toSuối Tiên Park inDistrict 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[121] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương inDistrict 12 has been approved by the government,[122] and several more lines (Lines2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.[121]
The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre. For short trips, "xe ôm" (literally, "hug vehicle") motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps likeGrab andGoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city oncyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular.[123] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[117] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[124]
In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable isRMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public researchRMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[132] Other private universities includeThe Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by theGroup of Asian International Education.[133] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students[134] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[135]
Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.
Tourist attractions in the city are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city's centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a fewFrench colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are theReunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất), City Hall (Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố),Municipal Theatre (Nhà hát thành phố, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Bưu điện thành phố), State Bank Office (Ngân hàng Nhà nước), City People's Court (Tòa án nhân dân thành phố), andNotre-Dame Cathedral (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include theHotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and theRex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & '70s.[136]
The city has various museums including theCity Museum,Museum of History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, theWar Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, theMuseum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. TheCủ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city inCủ Chi District. TheSaigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, inDistrict 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park,Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ's Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. The city is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam's total revenue in this industry.[citation needed] Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam's provinces and municipalities, residents of the city keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.[citation needed]
Like many of Vietnam's smaller cities, the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such asphở orrice vermicelli. Backpacking travellers most often frequent the "Backpackers' Quarter" onPhạm Ngũ Lão Street andBùi Viện Street, District 1.[137]
It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited the city.[138]According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[139]
According toMastercard's 2019 report, the city is also the country's second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (afterHanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[140]
Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City includeHo Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[141]
Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices.[142] It is currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[143]
HTV, the second largest and the first-ever television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1.
The city's media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers:Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions;Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam;Thanh Niên (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam;Người Lao Động (Labourer);Thể Thao (Sports);Pháp Luật (Law);The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city's General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Once called THVN9, the locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the first and the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. TheVoice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.[citation needed]
Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users.Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, includingViettel Mobile,MobiFone,VinaPhone, andVietnam Mobile.
As of 2005[update], Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms.[144] The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seatThống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 ofDistrict 10. The next largest isMilitary Region 7 Stadium, located nearTan Son Nhat Airport inTân Bình district. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school.Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam, however, due to poor maintenance, the facilities are not in good condition.[145] The city's Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, includingPhan Đình Phùng,Thanh Đa, andYết Kiêu.
The city is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city's largest clubs,Ho Chi Minh City F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly asCảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam'sV.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02).Navibank Saigon F.C., founded asQuân Khu 4, were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal.[146] The city's police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995, the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional. Since its inception in 2016,Sài Gòn F.C. competed inV.League 1, however, in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete inV.League 2 in 2023.
In 2011, the city was awarded an expansion team for theASEAN Basketball League.[147]Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[148] The team also plays in the domestic basketball league, theVietnam Basketball Association, and have won the championship on three occasions (2019, 2020 and 2022).
The city hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as theAFF Futsal Championship and theVietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[149] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[150]
^The text of the resolution is as follows:"By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City. The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of VietnamConsidering the boundless love of the people of Saigon-Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him; Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched inSaigon-Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh; After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;(PNAM) Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[15]
^"The Khmer name for Saigon, by the way, is Prey Nokor; prey means forest, nokor home or city."[19]
^"Un siècle plus tard (1773), la révolte des TÁYON(sic) [qu'éclata] tout, d'abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui-Nhon, et s'étendit rapidement dans le sud, chassa de Bien-Hoa le mouvement commercial qu'y avaient attiré les Chinois. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent Cou-lao-pho, remontèrent de fleuve de Tan-Binh, et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN. Cette création date d'environ 1778. Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI-NGON ou TIN-GAN. Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort, par l'expédition française, au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale estBEN-NGHE ouBEN-THANH."[20]
^The text of the resolution is as follows:"By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City. The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of VietnamConsidering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him; Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched inSaigon–Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh; After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting; Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[15]
^ab"Báo cáo sơ bộ Tổng điều tra Dân số và nhà ở 2019" [General statistics for Population and households investigation 2019] (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam.Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved20 March 2020.
^abcSalkin, Robert M.; Ring, Trudy (1996). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.).Asia and Oceania. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 5. Taylor & Francis. pp. 353–354.ISBN1-884964-04-4.
^Francis Garnier, quoted in:Hồng Sến Vương, Q. Thắng Nguyễn (2002).Tuyển tập Vương Hồng Sến. Nhà xuất bản Văn học. Archived fromthe original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved9 September 2017.
^abcdefTucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Saigon".The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. III (2nd ed.). California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1010–1011.ISBN978-1-85109-960-3.
^"mofahcm" (in Vietnamese). mofahcm. Archived fromthe original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved3 April 2010.Số lượng khách quốc tế đến TPHCM đã đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người, tăng 14,6% so với năm 2006, chiếm 70% tổng lượng du khách đến VN... Lượng hàng hóa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50,5 triệu tấn...
^Two more Hanoi<>Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet.net, accessdate 11 November 2007,(in Vietnamese)[1]Archived 22 April 2009 at theWayback Machine
^Hans-Heinrich Bass, Thanh Trung Nguyen (April 2013)."Imminent gridlocks". dandc.eu.Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved7 May 2013.
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