 A Hiwatt amplifier with aFender Precision Bass | |
| Company type | Pro Audio, amplication |
|---|---|
| Industry | Amplification Effects pedals |
| Founded | Surrey, England (1966) |
| Founder | Dave Reeves |
| Headquarters | England |
Area served | United Kingdom, United States |
| Website | hiwatt |
Hiwatt (stylized inall caps) is aBritish company that manufacturesamplifiers forelectric guitars andelectric basses. Founded in the mid-1960s by Dave Reeves, Hiwatt helped define the sound of rock music of the era, alongside fellow British brandsMarshall andVox.[1]Pink Floyd,The Who, andThe Rolling Stones all prominently used Hiwatt amplifiers, which were popular for their "big punchy" tone, high headroom, and durability.[1][2]
Dave Reeves began repairing amplifiers while employed byMullard. Having received electronics training while serving in theRoyal Air Force, he noticed many of these amps were made poorly and unable to withstand much abuse. Made redundant at Mullard in 1966, Reeves turned to designing his own amplifiers from scratch. Reeves' core design was a major departure from other brands' work of the time, emphasizing efficiency, power, and headroom over saturation and overdrive. The volume of Reeves' amps far exceeded their wattage ratings and typically did not produce much distortion until achieving "ear-shattering levels."[3] Components like Partridge transformers also leant the amps a "hi-fi" character and contributed to their full-sounding tone.[2] With durability in mind, Reeves used military spec construction methods and wiring, resulting in more rugged amps that were less prone to radio-frequency interference and with a significantly lowernoise floor.[2] The "Hiwatt" name was first used on an amp by Reeves in 1964, but this was likely a one-off project.[3]
Reeves founded the Hylight company to construct his amps, registering the name in September 1966. To help finance the start of his company, Reeves contracted withIvor Arbiter's Sound Citymusic store to manufacture Sound City-branded guitar amplifiers. These amps were Reeves' own amplifier design re-badged with the Sound City name. Following a financial disagreement betweenMarshall andThe Who's management in 1967,[3]John Entwistle andPete Townshend adopted Sound City amps. Townshend also recommended them toJimi Hendrix when asked for his opinion on amplification, and the Jimi Hendrix Experience began using Sound City amplifiers in addition to their Marshalls.[4] In late 1968, The Who approached Arbiter with a request for Sound City amplifiers with slight modifications. Arbiter declined the request, but Reeves agreed and created customised Sound City L100 amplifiers. Shortly thereafter, Reeves contract with Sound City expired, allowing Reeves to focus on building his own Hiwatt-branded models.[1]
Under the Hiwatt brand, Reeves' customized Sound City L100 amplifiers were renamed the DR103 Custom 100, which would go on to become the company's best-selling amplifier of the era. Reeves originally sold direct to musicians so he could reinvest the profits that would have gone to distributors and music stores back into growing the Hiwatt brand. Ivor Arbiter later sued Reeves, alleging Reeves had stolen Sound City's design; however, when Reeves challenged Arbiter's engineers to explain certain design elements of the amp circuit in court, they could not and the case was thrown out.[5]
Reeves initially built Hiwatt's amps in his garage inNew Malden,Surrey, with the help of Doug Fentiman and Reeves' wife, Daphne, but would later move production to a dedicated facility after numerous noise complaints from neighbors.[5] They built amps and cabinets to military specs, and the brand gained a reputation for producing amps that were "built like tanks".[1] In these early years, however, there was a great deal of variation in Hiwatt's amps, as Reeves often took customer requests. Some of his amps even had tone stacks similar to Marshall andFender designs.[2] Reeves also did contracted work making amps during this time, most notably for Sola Sound.[5]
One of the earliest famous Hiwatt users wasJethro Tull bassistGlenn Cornick. It was at Cornick's urging that the first 200-watt (and later 400-watt) Hiwatt amps were produced, the DR201 and DR405, respectively. Townshend, who worked with Reeves on the Sound City amps, also became a Hiwatt endorser. Hiwatt amps prominently formed his onstage backdrop during The Who'sLive at Leeds concert.[3]
With Hiwatt growing in popularity into the 1970s, Reeves hired former band road manager Peter Webber, who used his connections to get Hiwatt amps into the hands of many notable artists. Hiwatt players of this era includedDavid Gilmour,Jimmy Page,The Rolling Stones, andThe Moody Blues.[1] By 1971, Hiwatt was struggling to keep up with production, so Reeves hired certified government wirer Harry Joyce to wire chassis for the company.[1] Under Joyce, schematics were standardized, eliminating previous variations in design, and the brand solidified its reputation for producing "big, high-headroom machines."[2] Joyce additionally limited his workload to 40 amps per month in order to maintain high quality standards.[3]
Reeves died in 1981 from an accidental fall down a staircase. At the time, Reeves was in divorce proceedings and the company passed into the control of lawyers rather than Reeves' children, as he had intended.[1]
After Reeves' death, several Hiwatt employees incorporated as Biacrown Ltd. and continued producing Hiwatt-style amplifiers with minor circuit changes until 1984, when the company folded for financial reasons. The Hiwatt name was later sold to Music Ground in the U.K., while Hiwatt reemerged as a subsidiary of Fernandes Guitars in the United States.[1] On both sides of the Atlantic, Hiwatt amps were subjected to cost-cutting measures that hurt the brand's previously-sterling reputation for quality, which in turn caused Reeves-era models to be more prized on the vintage market. Several manufacturers have since been formed by enthusiasts of vintage Hiwatts to build their own versions to the previous era's specs. Notably, in 2006, Clayton Callaway and Mark Huss partnered with Reeves' son Glynn to found Hi-Tone Amplification inColumbus, Indiana to faithfully recreate Hiwatt-style amps to the production standards of the original brand.[2] In 2018, Andrei Nicula purchased the rights to the Hylight name to manufacture new versions of Hiwatt's amps.[6]