"German salute" redirects here. For the salute used in the modern Bundeswehr, seeSalute § Germany.
Adolf Hitler saluting at a 1935 Nazi Party rallyin NurembergMembers of theHitler Youth in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933
TheNazi salute, also known as theHitler salute,[a] or theSieg Heil salute, is a gesture that was used as agreeting inNazi Germany. The salute is performed by raising and extending the right arm forward at an upward angle with a straightened hand, fingers together, and palm facing downward. The salute is usually accompanied by a cry of "Heil Hitler!" ('Hail Hitler!'),[b] "Heil, mein Führer!" ('Hail, my leader!'), or "Sieg Heil!" ('Hail victory!').[c]
Inspired by theFascist salute used by members of the ItalianNational Fascist Party, the Nazi salute was officially adopted by the Nazi Party in 1926, although it had been used within the party as early as 1921[4] to signal obedience to the party's leader,Adolf Hitler, and to glorify the German nation (and later the German war effort). The salute was mandatory for civilians[5] but mostly optional formilitary personnel, who retained a traditionalmilitary salute until thefailed assassination attempt on Hitler[6] on 20 July 1944.
The salute was executed by extending the right arm stiff to an upward 45° angle and then straightening the hand so that it is in the same direction and slope as the arm.[14] Usually, an utterance of "Sieg Heil", "Heil Hitler!", or "Heil!" accompanied the gesture. If one saw an acquaintance at a distance, it was enough to simply raise the right hand.[14] If one encountered a superior, one would also say "Heil Hitler".[14] If physical disability prevented raising the right arm, it was acceptable to raise the left.[15]
Hitler's use
Hitler gave a right-armed salute with variations. He used the typical stiff-armed salute when reviewing his troops or when facing crowds, but sometimes held at more of aright angle.[16] To return a salute, he raised his arm with the elbow bent back and his palm facing up.[17]
The spokengreeting"Heil" became popular in the pan-German movement around 1900.[18] It was used by the followers ofGeorg Ritter von Schönerer, head of the AustrianAlldeutsche Partei ('Pan-German Party') who considered himself leader of theAustrian Germans, and who was described byCarl E. Schorske as "The strongest and most thoroughly consistent anti-Semite that Austria produced" before the coming of Hitler. Hitler took both the "Heil" greeting – which was popularly used in his "hometown" ofLinz when he was a boy[19] – and the title of "Führer" for the head of theNazi Party from Schönerer,[18][20] whom he admired.[21]
The extended arm saluting gesture was alleged to be based on an ancient Roman custom, but no known Roman work of art depicts it, nor does any extant Roman text describe it.[22] Historians have instead determined that the gesture originated fromJacques-Louis David's 1784 paintingOath of the Horatii, which displayed a raised arm salutatory gesture in an ancient Roman setting.[23][24][25] The gesture and its identification withancient Rome was advanced in otherFrench neoclassic art.[26]
In 1892,Francis Bellamy introduced the United StatesPledge of Allegiance to the country and itsnational flag, which was to be accompanied bya visually similar salute. Following the introduction of the Nazi salute, the salute was replaced in 1942 by a hand-over-the-heart gesture to be used by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and thenational anthem.[27] A raised arm gesture was then used in the 1899 American stage production ofBen-Hur,[28] and its1907 film adaptation.[29] The gesture was further elaborated upon in several early Italian films.[30] Of special note was the 1914silent filmCabiria, whose screenplay had contributions from the Italian ultra-nationalistGabriele d'Annunzio,[31] arguably a forerunner ofItalian Fascism.[32] In 1919, when he led theoccupation of Fiume, d'Annunzio used the style of salute depicted in the film as a neo-Imperialist ritual and the Italian Fascist Party quickly adopted it.[33]
By autumn 1923, or perhaps as early as 1921, some members of theNazi Party were using the rigid, outstretched right arm salute to greet Hitler, who responded by raising his own right hand crooked back at the elbow, palm opened upwards, in a gesture of acceptance.[34] In 1926, theNazi salute was made compulsory for all party members.[35] It functioned as a display of commitment to the Party and a declaration of principle to the outside world.[36]Gregor Strasser wrote in 1927 that the greeting in and of itself was a pledge of loyalty to Hitler, as well as a symbol of personal dependence on the Führer.[37] Even so, the drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged.[36]
Some party members questioned the legitimacy of the so-called Roman salute, employed by Fascist Italy, as un-Germanic.[36] In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree by inventing a tradition after the fact.[36] In June 1928,Rudolf Hess published an article titled "The Fascist Greeting", which claimed that the gesture was used in Germany as early as 1921, before the Nazis had heard about the Italian Fascists.[38] He admits in the article: "The NSDAP's introduction of the raised-arm greeting approximately two years ago still gets some people's blood boiling. Its opponents suspect the greeting of being un-Germanic. They accuse it of merely aping the [Italian] Fascists",[39] but goes on to ask, "even if the decree from two years ago [Hess' order that all party members use it] is seen as an adaption of the Fascist gesture, is that really so terrible?".[39]Ian Kershaw points out that Hess did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy, even if indeed the salute had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed.[40]
On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler said of the origins of the salute:[41]
I made it the salute of the Party long after theDuce had adopted it. I'd read the description of the sitting of theDiet of Worms, in the course of whichLuther was greeted with the German salute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with arms, but with peaceful intentions. In the days ofFrederick the Great, people still saluted with their hats, with pompous gestures. In theMiddle Ages the serfs humbly doffed their bonnets, whilst the noblemen gave the German salute. It was in theRatskeller at Bremen, about the year 1921, that I first saw this style of salute. It must be regarded as a survival of an ancient custom, which originally signified: "See, I have no weapon in my hand!" I introduced the salute into the Party at our first meeting inWeimar. TheSS at once gave it a soldierly style. It's from that moment that our opponents honored us with the epithet "dogs of Fascists".
"Heil Hitler" redirects here. For the Kanye West song, seeHeil Hitler (song).
A mass"Sieg Heil" during a rally in theTempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin in 1935
Nazi chants like "Heil Hitler!" and "Sieg Heil!" were prevalent across Nazi Germany, sprouting in mass rallies and even regular greetings alike.
In Nazi Germany, the Nazi chants"Heil Hitler!" and"Sieg Heil!" were the formulas used by the regime: when meeting someone it was customary to greet with the words"Heil Hitler!", while"Sieg Heil!" was a verbal salute used at mass rallies. Specifically to the cry of an officer of the wordSieg ('victory'), the crowd responded withHeil ('hail').[42] For example, at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally,Rudolf Hess ended his climactic speech with the words "The Party is Hitler. But Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler. Hitler! Sieg Heil!"[43] At histotal war speech delivered in 1943, audiences shouted"Sieg Heil!", asJoseph Goebbels solicited from them "a kind of plebiscitary 'Ja'" to total war[44] (ja meaning 'yes' in German).
On 11 March 1945, less than two months before thecapitulation of Nazi Germany, a memorial for the dead of the war was held inMarktschellenberg, a small town near Hitler'sBerghof residence.[45] The British historianIan Kershaw remarks that the power of the Führer cult and the "Hitler Myth" had vanished, which is evident from this report:
When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for aSieg Heil for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by theVolkssturm, nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population.[45]
TheSwing Youth (German:Swingjugend) were a group of middle-class teenagers who consciously separated themselves from Nazism and its culture, greeting each other with"Swing-Heil!" and addressing one another as "old-hot-boy".[46] This playful behaviour was dangerous for participants in the subculture; on 2 January 1942,Heinrich Himmler suggested that the leaders be sent to concentration camps.[46]
The form"Heil, mein Führer!" ('Hail, my Leader!') was for direct address to Hitler,[47] while"Sieg Heil" was repeated as a chant on public occasions.[47] Written communications would be concluded with either"mit deutschem Gruß" ("with German regards"), or with"Heil Hitler".[48] In correspondence with high-ranking Nazi officials, letters were usually signed with"Heil Hitler".[49]
From 1933 to 1945
Enamel sign with the note "The German greets: Hail Hitler!" (Der Deutsche grüßt: Heil Hitler!)Ten- and eleven-year-old Berlin schoolchildren, 1934. The salute was a regular gesture in German schools.
Under a decree issued by ReichMinister of the InteriorWilhelm Frick on 13 July 1933 (one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties), all German public employees were required to use the salute.[5] The decree also required the salute during the singing of thenational anthem and the "Horst-Wessel-Lied".[5] It stipulated that "anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render the Hitler Greeting,"[5] and its use quickly spread as people attempted to avoid being labelled as a dissident.[50] A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented raising of the right arm, "then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm."[15] On 27 September, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute,[51] as wereJews by 1937.[52]
By the end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute.[53] Offenders, such as Protestant preacherPaul Schneider, faced the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp.[53] Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation if they refused to salute. For example, the PortugueseConsul General was beaten by members of theSturmabteilung for remaining seated in a car and not saluting a procession inHamburg.[54] Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre.[55] For example, a memo dated 23 July 1934 sent to local police stations stated: "There have been reports of travelingvaudeville performers training their monkeys to give the German Greeting. ... see to it that said animals are destroyed."[55]
Fritz Schilgen carrying the Olympic torch at the Berlin Olympic Stadium as the public gives the Nazi salute
The salute soon became part of everyday life, a historically unique phenomenon that politicised all communication in Germany for twelve years, superseding all prior forms of greeting, such as"Grüß Gott" ("Hello"),"Guten Tag" ("Good day"), and"Auf Wiederseh(e)n" ("Goodbye").[56] Postmen used the greeting when they knocked on people's doors to deliver packages or letters.[56] Small metal signs that reminded people to use the Hitler salute were displayed in public squares and on telephone poles and street lights throughout Germany.[57] Department store clerks greeted customers with "Heil Hitler, how may I help you?"[56] Dinner guests brought glasses etched with the words "Heil Hitler" as house gifts.[56] The salute was required of all persons passing theFeldherrnhalle in Munich, site of the climax of the 1923Beer Hall Putsch, which the government had made into a shrine to the Nazi dead; so many pedestrians avoided this mandate by detouring through the smallViscardigasse behind that the passage acquired the nickname "Dodgers' Alley" (Drückebergergasse).[58] The daughter of the American Ambassador to Germany,Martha Dodd, describes the first time she saw the salute:
The first time I metvon Ribbentrop was at a luncheon we gave at the Embassy. He was tall and slender, with a vague blond handsomeness. Outstanding among all the guests, Ribbentrop arrived in Nazi uniform. Most Nazis came to diplomatic functions in ordinary suits unless the affair was extremely formal. His manner of shaking hands was an elaborate ceremony in itself. He held out his hand, then retreated and held your hand at arm’s length, lowered his arm stiffly by his side, then raised the arm swiftly in a Nazi salute, just barely missing your nose. All the time he was staring at you with such intensity you were wondering what new sort of mesmerism he thought he was effecting. The whole ritual was performed with such self-conscious dignity and in such silence that hardly a word was whispered while Ribbentrop made his exhibitionistic acquaintance with the guests present. To me the procedure was so ridiculous I could scarcely keep a straight face.[59]
Children were indoctrinated at an early age.[60] Kindergarten children were taught to raise their hand to the proper height by hanging their lunch bags across the raised arm of their teacher.[60] At the beginning of first grade primers was a lesson on how to use the greeting.[60] The greeting found its way into fairy tales, including classics likeSleeping Beauty.[60] Students and teachers would salute each other at the beginning and end of the school day, between classes, or whenever an adult entered the classroom.[61]
Some athletes used the Nazi salute in the opening ceremony of the1936 Berlin Olympics as they passed by Hitler in the reviewing stand.[63] This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy and Turkey.[63] The Bulgarian athletes performed the Nazi salute and broke into agoose step;[63] Turkish athletes maintained the salute all around the track.[64] There is some confusion over the use of the salute, since the stiff-arm Nazi salute could have been mistaken for anOlympic salute, with the right arm held out at a slight angle to the right from the shoulder.[63] According to the American sports writerJeremy Schaap, only half of the athletes from Austria performed a Nazi salute, while the other half gave an Olympic salute. According to the historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports on whether athletes from France performed a Nazi salute or an Olympic Salute.[64] Infootball, theEngland football team bowed to pressure from the BritishForeign Office and performed the salute during afriendly match on 14 May 1938.[65]
Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with the Nazi regime because they refused to salute Hitler, believing that it conflicted with their worship of God. Because such refusal was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families.[66]
Military use
Karl Dönitz and Wehrmacht performing Nazi salute, 1941
TheWehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute officially and was able for a time to maintain its customs.[67] A compromise edict from the Reich Defense Ministry, issued on 19 September 1933, required the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" andnational anthem, and in non-military encounters both within and outside theWehrmacht (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). At all other times they were permitted to use their traditional salutes.[67] However, according to (pre-Nazi)Reichswehr andWehrmacht protocol, the traditional military salute was prohibited when the saluting soldier was not wearing a uniform headgear (helmet or cap). Because of this, all bareheaded salutes used the Nazi salute, making itde facto mandatory in most situations.[68]
Full adoption of the Hitler salute by the military was discussed in January 1944 at a conference regarding traditions in the military at Hitler's headquarters. Field MarshalWilhelm Keitel,head of the Armed Forces, had expressed a desire to standardize the salute across all organizations in Germany.[69] On 23 July 1944, several days after the failed assassination attempt, Goebbels suggested to Hitler that the military be ordered to fully adopt the Hitler salute as a show of loyalty, since Army officers had been responsible for the assassination attempt.[70][71] Hitler approved the suggestion without emotion, and the order went into effect on 24 July 1944.[70][71]
On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler stated the following about the compromise edict of 1933:[41]
I imposed the German salute for the following reason. I'd given orders, at the beginning, that in the Army I should not be greeted with the German salute. But many people forgot.Fritsch drew his conclusions, and punished all who forgot to give me the military salute, with fourteen days' confinement to barracks. I, in turn, drew my conclusions and introduced the German salute likewise into the Army.
AfterHitler's death, a group of Nazis saluted the dictator one last time after disposing of his remains just outside theFührerbunker emergency exit.[72][73]
Satiric responses
Despite indoctrination and punishment, the salute was ridiculed by some people. Sinceheil is also the imperative of the German verbheilen ('to heal'), a common joke in Nazi Germany was to reply with, "Is he sick?" "Am I a doctor?" or "You heal him!"[74] Jokes were also made by distorting the phrase. For example,"Heil Hitler" might become"Ein Liter" ('One liter')[74] or"Drei Liter" ('Three Liter').[75]Cabaret performerKarl Valentin would quip, "It's lucky that Hitler's name wasn't 'Kräuter'. Otherwise, we'd have to go around yelling Heilkräuter ('medicinal herbs')".[74] Similar puns were made involving"-bronn" (rendering"Heilbronn", the name of a German city), and"-butt" (rendering"Heilbutt", the German word for 'halibut').[citation needed]
Satirical use of the salute dates back to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932,photomontage artistJohn Heartfield used Hitler's modified version, with the hand bent over the shoulder, in a poster that linked Hitler toBig Business. A giant figure representing right-wing capitalists stands behind Hitler, placing money in his hand, suggesting "backhand" donations. The caption is, "the meaning of the Hitler salute" and "Millions stand behind me".[76] Heartfield was forced to flee in 1933 after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany.[citation needed]
Particularly after theBattle of Berlin, some American soldiers performed the salute to mock Hitler, often also parodying his hair andmoustache style.[79][80]
Today in Germany, Nazi salutes in written form, vocally, and even straight-extending the right arm as a saluting gesture (with or without the phrase), are illegal.[81][82] Theoffence is punishable by up to three years in prison.[82][83] Usage for art, teaching and science is allowed unless "the existence of an insult results from the form of the utterance or the circumstances under which it occurred".[83] Use of the salute, or any phrases associated with the salute, has also been illegal in Austria since the end of World War II.[84] Its use went unregulatedin South America, as evidenced by anFBI-Chilean investigation and the claim ofa man who was purportedly photographed with Hitler in 1954.[85]
In Germany, usage that is "ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting" is exempt, which has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use.[86] One case involvedPrince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an unduly zealous airport baggage inspector.[86] On 23 November 2007, theAmtsgerichtCottbus sentencedHorst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier.[87] The following month, a pensioner, Roland T, was given a prison term of five months for, amongst other things, training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in a Nazi salute every time the command "Heil Hitler!" was uttered.[88]
TheSupreme Court of Switzerland ruled in 2014 that Nazi salutes do not breachhate crime laws if expressed as one's personal opinion, but only if they are used in attempt to propagate Nazi ideology.[11][12]
Modified versions of the salute are sometimes used byneo-Nazis. One such version is the so-called "Kühnen salute" with extended thumb,index andmiddle finger, which is also a criminal offence in Germany.[89] In written correspondence, the number88is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis as a substitute for "Heil Hitler" ("H" as the eighth letter of the alphabet).[90]Swiss neo-Nazis were reported to use a variant of the Kühnengruss, though extending one's right arm over their head and extending said three fingers has a different historical source for Switzerland, as the first threeEidgenossen orconfederates are often depicted with this motion.Hezbollah supporters in Lebanon often raise their arms in a Nazi-style salute.[91]
TheAfrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, a South African neo-Nazi organization known for its militant advocacy ofwhite separatism,[92][93] has espoused brown uniforms as well as Nazi German-esque flags, insignia, and salutes at meetings and public rallies.[94] Hundreds of supporters in 2010 delivered straight-arm salutes outside the funeral for AWB leaderEugène Terre'Blanche, who was murdered by two black farm workers over an alleged wage dispute.[95][96]
On 28 May 2012,BBC current affairs programmePanorama examined the issues of racism,antisemitism andfootball hooliganism, which it claimed were prevalent among Polish and Ukrainian football supporters. The two countries hosted the international football competitionUEFA Euro 2012.[97]
On 18 July 2015,The Sun published an image of the British Royal Family from private film shot in 1933 or 1934, showingPrincess Elizabeth (the future Queen, then a young girl) andthe Queen Mother both performing a Nazi salute, accompanied byEdward VIII, taken from 17 seconds of home footage (also released byThe Sun).[99] The footage ignited controversy in the UK,[100] and there have been questions as to whether the release of this footage was appropriate.[101]Buckingham Palace described the release of this footage as "disappointing",[102] and considered pursuing legal action againstThe Sun,[103] whereasStig Abell (managing director ofThe Sun) said that the footage was "a matter of national historical significance to explore what was going on in the [1930s] ahead of theSecond World War". Abell responded to criticism by assuring thatThe Sun was not suggesting "anything improper on the part of the Queen or indeed the Queen Mum".[104]
Americanwhite supremacistRichard B. Spencer drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the2016 U.S. presidential election, where, at aNational Policy Institute conference, he quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews.[105] In response to his cry "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!", a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to theSieg Heil chant.[106][107]
In August 2021, a Michigan man, Paul Marcum, gave the Nazi salute during a dispute over mask mandates and was fired from his job as a tennis instructor afterBirmingham Public Schools announced that it would not tolerate any acts of racism, disrespect, violence, or inequitable treatment of any person.[111]
Incidents involving North American students
On 31 January 2017, multiple students atCypress Ranch High School inCypress, Texas, performed both theraised fist salute and the Nazi salute in its "Class Of 2017" photo. The photo was then sent from one of the students to six other students by message and claiming that "some females held the fist while some white males raised the Nazi salute." The incident was reported to theCypress-Fairbanks Independent School District saying that "they are extremely disappointed with the actions," and later made a statement on the district "understanding the serious nature of the incident and appropriate action has been taken at one of its campuses."[112]
In May 2018, students atBaraboo High School, inBaraboo, Wisconsin, appeared to perform a Nazi salute in a photograph taken before their juniorprom. The image went viral on social media six months later, sparking outrage. The school decided the students could not be punished because of theirFirst Amendment rights.[113][114]
In November 2018, a group of students ofPacifica High School ofGarden Grove Unified School District in California was shown in a video giving the Nazi salute and singingErika. The incident took place at an after-hours off-campus student athletics banquet. The school administration did not learn about the incident until March 2019, at which time the students were disciplined. The school did not release details of what the discipline entailed, but released a statement saying that they would continue to deal with the incident "in collaboration with agencies dedicated to anti-bias education."[115] On 20 August 2019, the school district announced that it was reopening the investigation into the incident because new photographs and another video has surfaced of the event, along with "new allegations" and "new claims". Parents and teachers criticised the school's administration for their initial secrecy about the incident, for which the school's principal apologised.[116]
In March 2019, students fromNewport Beach, California, attending a private party made a swastika from red-and-white plastic party cups and gave Nazi salutes over it. Some of the students may have been fromNewport Harbor High School ofNewport-Mesa Unified School District, a very large district that encompasses 58 square miles and includes the cities of Newport Beach andCosta Mesa. Officials from the district condemned the students' behavior and said they were working with law enforcement to collect information on the incident.[117]
Among other gestures used by theKu Klux Klan, the "Klan salute" is similar to the Nazi salute, the difference being that it is performed using the left arm and not the right, and that often the fingers of the hand are splayed and not held tightly together. The four fingers represent the four Ks in "Knights of the Ku Klux Klan". According to theAnti-Defamation League, the Klan salute dates to 1915.[119]
In 2012, theFinancial Times reported that Nazi salutes have become common amongneo-nationalists in Russia.[120] Nazi salutes were made at nationalist protests in 2008[121] and 2010.[122]
A "from the heart to the sun" form of the Nazi salute is used byneo-Nazis andneo-pagans in Russia.[123][124][125] This salute has been used by members of theRusich Group, a neo-Nazi paramilitary which has fought in Syria and Ukraine under theWagner Group, including by its co-founderAlexey Milchakov,[126] andYan Petrovsky, a commander in the group.[124] Alexei Petrov, a Russian government aide involved in thedeportation of Ukrainian children to Russia, was found to have links to the neo-Nazi movement, and had posted a "from the heart to the sun" message on social media.[123] The phrase "from the heart to the sun" can serve as a stand-in for actually performing the salute.[127]
In April 2022, 15 year old Russian karting champion Artem Severiukhin made an apparent Nazi salute on the podium after a race in Portugal,[128] in which he tapped his chest before raising his right arm in a salute and beginning to laugh.[128][129] His contract was subsequently terminated and he apologised for his action.[129]
^Determinative compoundHitlergruß:Hitler see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 587, IPA:[ˈhɪtlɐ];Gruß: hearDuden: GrußArchived 12 April 2023 at theWayback Machine and see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 557: IPA:[ɡʁuːs].
^Pronunciation word combinationHeil Hitler!:heil, hearDuden: heilArchived 12 April 2023 at theWayback Machine and see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 574: IPA:[haɪl] (remark: Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld are always using 'aə̯'-Transcription for 'ei'- and 'ai'-sounds, standard transcription:[haɪl]);Hitler see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 587: IPA:[ˈhɪtlɐ]; emphasis: compareHeil Hitler!Archived 12 April 2023 at theWayback Machine (two speakers) -> secondary stress on first syllable, main stress on first syllable of second word
^Albrecht Tyrell (Hrsg.):Führer befiehl … Selbstzeugnisse aus der „Kampfzeit“ der NSDAP. Grondrom Verlag, Bindlach 1991, S. 129 f.
^abKnickerbocker, H. R. (2008).Is Tomorrow Hitler's?: 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 5.ISBN9781417992775.
^abMommsen, Hans (2003).The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945. German Historical Perspectives. Vol. 12. Berg Publishers. p. 28.ISBN9781859736272.
^Winkler (2009), p. 55The raised arm, first stretched out as a symbol of righteous fervor-as the Horatii evince it-and later as a symbol of political allegiance and religious-political unity between a people and its leader, becomes an important part of the iconography of new societies. In addition to its specific contemporary use the gesture comes to express, in a fashion that appears timeless and even mystical, an appeal to a higher being and to a heroic ancient past that had served as a model for most of Western civilization for centuries, although often in ways not supported by historical fact. David’s Oath of the Horatii provided the starting point for an arresting gesture that progressed from oath-taking to what will become known as the Roman salute.
^Boime, Albert (1987).Art in an age of revolution, 1750–1800. Social history of modern art. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. pp. 400–401.ISBN9780226063348. Boime states: "The brothers stretch out their arms in a salute that has since become associated with tyranny. The 'Hail Caesar' of antiquity (although at the time of the Horatti a Caesar had yet to be born) was transformed into the 'Heil Hitler' of the modern period. The fraternal intimacy brought about by the Horatii's dedication to absolute principles of victory or death ... is closely related to the establishment of the fraternal order ... In the total commitment or blind obedience of a single, exclusive group lies the potentiality of the authoritarian state."
Bishop, Ronald (2007). "A Case of First Impression".Taking on the Pledge of Allegiance: The News Media and Michael Newdow's Constitutional Challenge. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 27.ISBN9780791471814.
^Ledeen, Michael A. (2001) "Preface" toD'Annunzio: the First Duce. New York: Routledge.ISBN978-0765807427
^Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000).Fascist spectacle: the aesthetics of power in Mussolini's Italy. Studies on the history of society and culture. Vol. 28. University of California Press. pp. 110–113.ISBN9780520226777.
^Evans, Richard J. (2005). "The Rize of Nazism".The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Group. pp. 184–185.ISBN9780143034698.
^Kershaw, Ian (2001).The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 26.ISBN978-0192802064.
^abWillett, Ralph (May 1989). "Hot Swing and the Dissolute Life: Youth, Style and Popular Music in Europe 1939–49".Popular Music.8 (2). Cambridge University Press: 161.doi:10.1017/s0261143000003342.JSTOR853465.S2CID162509772.
^King, Christine. "Leadership Lessons from History: Jehovah's Witnesses".The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services 7, no. 2 (2011): 178–185.doi:10.1108/17479881111160168
^Jay, Martin (2001). "From Modernism to Post-Modernism". In T. C. W. Blanning (ed.).The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe. Oxford Illustrated Histories. Oxford University Press. p. 261.ISBN9780192854261.
^Reynoldson, Fiona (1996). "The Nazi Regime 1933–1945". In Rosemary Rees (ed.).Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford Illustrated Histories. Heinemann. p. 42.ISBN9780435308605.
^"Kühnengruß oder sechs Bier bei FPÖ-Parteitag?".Kleine Zeitung (in German). 27 May 2009.Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved27 August 2009. Second paragraph: "The Kühnengruß is regarded as a variation of the Hitler salute. In it the right arm is extended with three fingers spread. In Austria, unlike Germany, the salute is not prohibited."
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