Part ofa series on the
History ofZimbabwe
Ancient history Leopard's Kopje c. 650 – c. 1075 Mapungubwe Kingdom c. 1220 – c. 1300 Zimbabwe Kingdom c. 1300 – c. 1450 Mutapa Kingdom c. 1430–1760 Butua Kingdom c. 1450–1683
White settlement pre-1923 Rozvi Empire c. 1660–1866 Mthwakazi 1840–1893 Rudd Concession 1888 BSA Company rule 1890–1923 First Matabele War 1893–1894 Second Matabele War 1896–1897 World War I involvement 1914–1918 Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1923–1965 World War II involvement 1939–1945 Malayan Emergency involvement 1948–1960 Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1953–1963 Rhodesian Bush War 1964–1979 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) 1965 Rhodesia 1965–1979 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia June–December 1979 Lancaster House Agreement December 1979 British Dependency 1979–1980 Zimbabwe 1980–present Gukurahundi 1982–1987 Second Congo War 1998–2003 Coup d'état 2017
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Thehistory of theJews inZimbabwe reaches back over one century. Present-dayZimbabwe was formerly known asSouthern Rhodesia and later asRhodesia. The community peaked in 1961, numbering 7,060.^[1]

During the 19th century,Ashkenazi Jews from Russian EmpireUkrainian Polish Russia andBelarusian Lithuania settled in Rhodesia after the area had been colonized by the British, and became active in the trading industry.^[1] In 1894, the firstsynagogue was established in a tent inBulawayo.^[1] The second community developed in Salisbury (later renamedHarare) in 1895. A third congregation was established inGwelo in 1901. By 1900, approximately 300 Jews lived in Rhodesia.^[1]

In the 1930s a number ofSephardic Jews arrived in Rhodesia from the Greek island ofRhodes and mainly settled in Salisbury.^[1] This was followed by another wave in the 1960s when Jews fled theBelgian Congo.^[1] A Sephardic Jewish Community Synagogue was established in Salisbury in the 1950s.^[2]

In the late 1930s,German Jews fleeing Nazi persecution settled in the colony. In 1943, the Rhodesian Zionist Council and the Rhodesian Jewish Board of Deputies were established, later being renamed the Central African Zionist Council and Central African Board of Jewish Deputies in 1946.^[3] AfterWorld War II, Jewish immigrants arrived fromSouth Africa and theUnited Kingdom. By 1961, the Jewish population peaked at 7,060.^[1]

BothOrthodox andProgressive congregations emerged. Bulawayo Progressive Jewish Congregation was founded by RabbiMoses Cyrus Weiler in 1958 and led by rabbiCurtis Cassell fromWest London Synagogue between 1957 and 1977.^[4][5] Both the Progressive and Orthodox congregation (Bulawayo Hebrew Congregation) merged in 1977.^[6]

In the first half of the 20th century there was a high level of assimilation by Rhodesian Jews into Rhodesian society, and intermarriage rates were high.Roy Welensky, the second and last Prime Minister of theFederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, was the son of aLithuanian Jewish father and anAfrikaner mother.^[7] By 1957, one out of every seven Jews who married in Rhodesia married a Gentile.^[8]

In addition to the Rhodesian Zionist Council and the Rhodesian Jewish Board of Deputies the Jewish Community developed institutions to serve and strengthen the community including two Jewish Day Schools (one in Harare called Sharon School and one in Bulawayo called Carmel School), community centers, Jewish Cemeteries, Zionist youth movements, Jewish owned sports clubs, Savyon Old Age Home in Bulawayo and several women's organisations. A number of Jews fromZionist youth movements emigrated toIsrael.^[9]

In 1965, the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia, under Prime MinisterIan Smith,unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia, in response to British demands that the colony be handed over to black majority rule. Rhodesia was then subject to international sanctions, and black nationalist organizations began an insurgency, known as theRhodesian Bush War, which lasted until 1979, when the Rhodesian government agreed to settle with the black nationalists. By the time the Rhodesian Bush War ended in 1979, most of the country's Jewish population had emigrated,^{[citation needed]} along with many other whites.

Some Jews chose to stay behind when the country was transferred to black majority rule and renamed Zimbabwe in 1980. However, emigration continued, and by 1987, only 1,200 Jews out of an original population of some 7,000 remained. Most Rhodesian Jews emigrated toIsrael orSouth Africa, seeking better economic conditions and Jewish marriage prospects. Until the late 1990s, rabbis resided inHarare andBulawayo, but left as the economy and community began to decline. Today there is no resident Rabbi.^{[citation needed]}

In 1992,PresidentRobert Mugabe caused upset to the Jewish community in Zimbabwe when he remarked that "[white] commercial farmers are hard-hearted people, you would think they were Jews".^[10]

In 2002, after the Jewish community's survival was threatened by a food shortage and poverty in the country, the mayor ofAshkelon, a city in southern Israel, invited Zimbabwean Jews to immigrate to Israel and offered assistance in settling in Ashkelon. Several Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer.^{[citation needed]}

In 2003 the Bulawayo Shul burned down and the small community did not restore the building.^[11][12][13] Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. InHarare the Sephardic Community has its own synagogue, and the Ashkenazi Community has a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues.^[9]

Today, about 200 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly inHarare andBulawayo. There are no Jews remaining inKwekwe,Gweru, andKadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age. The lastbar mitzvah took place in 2006.^[14]

TheLemba people speak theBantu languages spoken by their geographic neighbours and resemble them physically, but they have some religious practices and beliefs similar to those inJudaism andIslam,^{[citation needed]} which they claim were transmitted by oral tradition.{cn}} They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.{cn}}^[23] GeneticY-DNA analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population.^[24][25] More recent research argues that DNA studies do not support claims for a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.^[26][27]

• History of the Jews in Malawi
• History of the Jews in Mozambique
• History of the Jews in South Africa
• History of the Jews in Southern Africa
• History of the Jews in Zambia
• Israel–Zimbabwe relations

• Official website of the Zimbabwe Jewish Community

• Jewish Zimbabwean history
• History of the Jews in Southern Africa
• Jewish history by country

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