Thehistory of White Americans in Baltimore dates back to the 17th century when the first white European colonists came to what is now Maryland and established theProvince of Maryland on what was thenNative American land. White Americans in Baltimore are Baltimoreans "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa."^[1][2] Majority white for most of its history, Baltimore no longer had a white majority by the 1970s.^[3] As of the2010 census, white Americans are a minority population of Baltimore at 29.6% of the population (Non-Hispanic whites were 28% of the population). White Americans have played a substantial impact on theculture,dialect,ethnic heritage,history, politics, andmusic of the city. Since the earliest English settlers arrived on the shores of theChesapeake Bay, Baltimore's white population has been sustained by substantial immigration from all over Europe, particularlyCentral Europe,Eastern Europe, andSouthern Europe, as well as a largeout-migration ofWhite Southerners fromAppalachia. Numerous white immigrants fromEurope and theEuropean diaspora have immigrated to Baltimore from theUnited Kingdom,Germany,Ireland,Poland,Italy, theCzech Republic, Slovakia,Lithuania,Russia,Ukraine,Spain,France, Canada, and other countries, particularly during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Smaller numbers of white people have immigrated fromLatin America, theCaribbean (particularlyHaiti), theMiddle East,North Africa, and other non-European regions. Baltimore also has a prominent population of whiteJews ofEuropean descent, mostly with roots in Central and Eastern Europe. There is a smaller population of white Middle Easterners and white North Africans, most of whom areArab,Persian,Israeli, orTurkish. The distribution of White Americans in Central and Southeast Baltimore is sometimes called "The White L", while the distribution ofAfrican Americans in East and West Baltimore is called "The Black Butterfly."^[4]

In the1790 census, the first census in the history of the United States, white Americans constituted 88.3% of Baltimore's population. 11,925 lived in Baltimore in that year.^[5]

In 1815, 36,000 white people lived in Baltimore. By 1829, Baltimore was home to 61,000 white people.^[6]

From 1800 until 1840, white Americans were around 77–79% of Baltimore's population. The white population began to increase in the mid and late 1800s, boosted by large-scale European immigration, resulting in Baltimore's whites remaining between 80% and 87% of the population between the 1850s and the 1920s.^[5]

During the time of theHillbilly Highway, between 1910 and 1970, thousands of white people fromAppalachia and theSouthern states moved to Baltimore in search of bettersocioeconomic conditions. Baltimore was a major destination for these white Southern and Appalachian economic migrants.^{[citation needed]}

In the1960 United States census, Baltimore was home to 610,608 white residents, 65% of Baltimore's population.^[7] By 1970 white Americans were 53% of Baltimore's population, on the verge of becoming the minority for the first time duewhite flight to the suburbs and an increasing African-American population.^[5]

In the1980 United States census, there were 345,113 white people living in Baltimore, constituting 43.9% of the population. The 1980 census was the first census for which white people were a minority in Baltimore.^[8] By the1990 United States census, there were 287,753 white Americans, constituting 39.1% of the population.^[8]

In the2010 United States census, 29.6% of the population of Baltimore was white, a total population of 183,830 people.^[9]

In 2018, 30.3% of Baltimore was white and 27.6% was non-Hispanic white.^[10]

Baltimore's white population has been increasing in numbers since the 2010s. This is largely due togentrification and an influx of white millennials.^[11]

In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated byNative Americans who had lived there since at least the10th millennium BC, whenPaleo-Indians first settled in the region.^[12] During the Late Woodland period, thearchaeological culture known as the "Potomac Creek complex" resided in an area from Baltimore to theRappahannock River inVirginia, primarily along thePotomac River downstream from theFall Line.^[13] The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by theSusquehannocks living in the lowerSusquehanna River valley who "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact withPowhatan in the Potomac region."^[14]Pressured by the Susquehannocks, thePiscataway tribe ofAlgonquians stayed well south of the Baltimore area and inhabited primarily the north bank of thePotomac River in what is nowCharles and southernPrince George's south of theFall Line^[15][16][17] as depicted onJohn Smith's 1608 map which faithfully mapped settlements, mapped none in the Baltimore vicinity, while noting a dozenPatuxent River settlements that were under some degree of Piscatawaysuzerainty.

In 1608, CaptainJohn Smith traveled 210 miles fromJamestown to the uppermostChesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to thePatapsco River, a word used by theAlgonquin language natives who fished shellfish and hunted^[18] The name "Patapsco" is derived frompota-psk-ut, which translates to "backwater" or "tide covered with froth" inAlgonquian dialect.^[19] A quarter-century after John Smith's voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The English were initially frightened by the Piscataway in southern Maryland because of their body paint and war regalia, even though they were a peaceful tribe. The chief of the Piscataway tribe was quick to grant the English permission to settle within Piscataway territory and cordial relations were established between the English and the Piscataway.^[20]

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During thecivil rights movement between the 1930s and the 1960s, many white Americans in Baltimore reactedviolently to African-Americans and were intransigent in their support forsegregation. Some white residents of Baltimore engaged in acts ofterrorism against African-Americans, including the 1911lynching of King Johnson in the neighborhood ofBrooklyn.^[21] White elected officials and citizens made life difficult for African-Americans by engaging in various forms of discrimination. However, someanti-racist white liberals and progressives joined with African-American activists. WhiteCommunists were among the most vocal white supporters of the civil rights movement.^[22]

The largely white Baltimore Committee for Political Freedom was created due to fears that Baltimore police were planning to assassinateBlack Panther Party leaders in Baltimore, with ReverendChester Wickwire and the sociologistPeter H. Rossi playing a prominent role.^[23]

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Due to demographic and socioeconomic changes, Baltimore's urban core is slowly becoming more white and more affluent. Young urban professionals have been attracted to the city, echoing patterns ofgentrification that have occurred across many major American cities in recent decades. As the city's white population has increased and the rate of poverty has dropped, income and property values have been rising. The effects of gentrification and a growing white population have been felt the most in the historically black working-class neighborhoods of East Baltimore and to a lesser extent in the neighborhoods of North Central Baltimore. The proximity of these neighborhoods to theJohns Hopkins Hospital has been a major factor in the gentrification and increasing white population of East Baltimore's neighborhoods.^[24] Because of these demographic changes, Baltimore has been called "the new Brooklyn" and has been compared to similarly gentrifying cities across the United States such as New York City and Washington, D.C.^[25]

According to linguists, the "hon" accent that is popularized in the media as being spoken by Baltimoreans is particular to Baltimore's white working-class.^[26] White working-class families who migrated out of Baltimore city intoBaltimore County andCarroll County along theMaryland Route 140 andMaryland Route 26 corridors brought local pronunciations with them, creating colloquialisms that make up the Baltimore accent, cementing the image of "Bawlmerese" as the "Baltimore accent". This white working-class dialect is not the only "Baltimore accent", as Black Baltimoreans have their own unique accent. For example, among Black speakers, Baltimore is pronounced more like "Baldamore," as compared to "Bawlmer" among white speakers.^[27]

In 2003, Kenneth D. Durr publishedBehind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980, an historical examination of white working-class life and politics in Baltimore during the mid to late 1900s.^[28]

Most White Americans in Baltimore areChristians, generally eitherCatholic orProtestant. Smaller numbers of white Christians belong to denominations such asMormonism, theJehovah's Witnesses,Eastern Orthodoxy, andOriental Orthodoxy. Minorities of White Americans belong to other religions such asJudaism,Buddhism,Hinduism, andIslam, while some areatheist oragnostic.^{[citation needed]}

During the 1800s and 1900s, many neighborhoods of Baltimore were reserved exclusively for white Christians. One such neighborhood, Roland Park, was developed as a wealthy white Christian enclave for "discriminating" people that usedracially restrictive covenants to exclude African-Americans. Some white Christian neighborhoods used restrictive covenants to exclude Jewish Americans as well. At that time, living in a white Christian neighborhood was a sign of social status.^[29]

During this same time period, white Protestant-dominated banks would ignore or turn away customers who were Eastern European or Southern European immigrants; consequently "white ethnic" immigrants would establish their own banking institutions to serve the specific needs of their communities. These banks for white ethnic immigrants had hours and customs that seemed less alien to immigrants and often had translators on staff. Discrimination against non-WASP immigrants persisted in banking until the 1930s.^[30] As late as the 1930s and 1940s it was not uncommon for Slavic Catholics, such as Poles and Czechs, to be called ethnic and religious slurs such as "bohunks" and "fish eaters." Slavs were oftenstereotyped as stupid andsuperstitious. White Protestants coined the term "fish eater" to refer to Catholic immigrants because the Catholics did not eat meat on Fridays.^[31]

Baltimore, like many other majornortheastern cities, has a large population of white Catholics, many of whom are "white ethnic" immigrants and descendants of immigrants from majority-Catholic countries of Europe such as Ireland, Italy, Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic. Historically, the Catholic Church in Baltimore practiced segregation of its white and black worshippers. In the early 21st century, Roman Catholic authorities began to acknowledge the long legacy of racism from the majority-white leadership of the Church. The first Archbishop of Baltimore,John Carroll, was a white slave-owner. Many white Catholics in Baltimore moved to the suburbs during the period of white flight between the 1960s and 1980s, leaving most Roman Catholic churches in the city with an African-American majority while many Roman Catholic churches in the suburbs are majority white.^[32]

A large minority of white Baltimoreans have been Jewish, predominantly Ashkenazi Jews of European descent. Between the 1880s and the 1920s, Baltimore received tens of thousands of whiteAshkenazi Jewish immigrants arriving from Central and Eastern Europe.^[33] Due to the largely European origins of Baltimore's Jewish community, close to 90% of Baltimore area Jews are white. However, as of 2010, around 8% of Jewish households in the Greater Baltimore area weremultiracial.^[34] Following the1968 riots and the subsequent white flight, many white Jews in the city (along with many whitegentiles), left the city for the suburbs. Today, thousands of descendants of these white Jews live inBaltimore County, especially inPikesville andOwings Mills, though many remain in the city in neighborhoods such asPark Heights,Mount Washington, andRoland Park. Historically, there were strong links between African-American and Jewish-American communities in Baltimore and many white Jewish Baltimoreans were strong supporters of the civil rights movement. However, there has been tension between the two communities, with instances of anti-black racism from white Jews such as the2010 Park Heights beating of a black teenager by white members of anOrthodox Jewish community patrol group.^[35] White Jews in Baltimore have experienced a mixture of bothreligious andracial antisemitism as well asprivilege due to their white skin. In majority-white Jewish spaces in Baltimore, white Jews are sometimes accepted while black Jews and other Jews of color may face skepticism and questioning of their identity.^[36]

There are a small number of white Muslims in Baltimore, most of whom areconverts. Some white Muslims have earned leadership positions within their communities, with a few becoming teachers at children's schools for their local mosques.^[37]

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• Ethnic groups in Baltimore
• White Hispanic and Latino Americans
• History of Baltimore
• History of the Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore
• History of the Jews in Baltimore
• Non-Hispanic whites
• Old Stock Americans
• White Americans in Maryland
• White flight
• History of the Irish in Baltimore
• History of Czechs in Baltimore
• History of Poles in Baltimore
• History of the French in Baltimore
• History of Lithuanians in Baltimore
• History of Russians in Baltimore
• History of Ukrainians in Baltimore
• History of Italians in Baltimore
• History of Greeks in Baltimore
• History of the Germans in Baltimore
• History of Syrians in Baltimore
• History of the Appalachian people in Baltimore

• Durr, Kenneth D.Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980, The University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
• Pietila, Antero.Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City, Ivan R. Dee, 2010.

• Percentage of Whites in Baltimore, MD by Zip Code
• The Stations of Whiteness in Baltimore

• Central Asian American culture
• Ethnic groups in Baltimore
• European-American culture in Baltimore
• Middle Eastern-American culture in Maryland
• North African American culture
• White American culture in Baltimore
• History of Baltimore
• White Americans

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