The recordedhistory of Lahore (Punjabi:لہور دی تریخ(Shahmukhi);romanized:Làhaur dī tàrīk͟h) refers to the past history of the city ofLahore, the post-medieval cultural and political hub of thePunjab region. Today, the city is the capital of thePakistani province ofPunjab and is primarily inhabited by the native ethnicPunjabis. Throughout its recorded history, it has changed hands from many foreign to native states and empires such as theIndo-Greeks,Kushans,Guptas,Alchon Huns,Takkas,Hindu Shahis,Ghaznavids,Delhi Sultanate,Surs,Mughals,Durranis,Misls,Sikh Empire and theBritish, thereby becoming the cultural capital and the heart of modern-day Pakistan.

According to oral traditions, Lahore was named afterLava, son of theHindu godRama, who supposedly founded the city. Lahore Fort has a vacant temple dedicated in honour of Lava. Likewise, theRavi River that flows through northern Lahore was said to be named in honour of the Hindu goddessDurga.^[1]

Ptolemy, the celebrated astronomer and geographer, mentions in his Geographia a city called Labokla^[2] situated on the route between theIndus river in a region described as extending along the rivers Bidastes or Vitasta (Jhelum), Sandabal or Chandra Bhaga (Chenab), and Adris or Iravati (Ravi).

The oldest authentic document about Lahore was written anonymously in 982 and is calledHudud-i-Alam.^[3] It was translated intoEnglish byVladimir Fedorovich Minorsky and published in Lahore in 1927. In this document, Lahore is referred to as a smallshahr (city) with "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards." It refers to "two major markets around which dwellings exist," and it also mentions "the mud walls that enclose these two dwellings to make it one." The original document is currently held in theBritish Museum.^[4]

Plutarch as well as many other scholars suggest thatJainism was the most ancient and original religion inPunjab. Lahore was the cultural centre of Jainism. A book written by Plutarch,Life of Alexander talks about the encounters betweenAlexander the Great andŚvetāmbaraJaina saints.^[5]Bhabra or Bhabhra is an ancient merchant community from Punjab region which mainly follows Jainism. It is believed to be connected with the Bhavadar or Bhavada Gachchha to which the Śvetāmbara Jaina AcharyaKalakacharya belonged to. They may have originated from the Bhabra town (32° 13' 30": 73° 13').^[6] Inscriptions suggest that Bhavada Gachchha had survived until the 17th century. There were Jain temples at localities still called Thari Bhabrian and Gali Bhabrian.

Around 580 BC., when King Bimbisara ruled South Asia, the society came to be divided into different communities based on their occupation.^{[dubious –discuss][citation needed]} One of their communities was called Kshatriyas and King Luv's descendants were classed with them and came to be known as Luvanam, which was also referred to as Luvana.^[7] The Luvanas from Loharghat became known as Loharana (masters of swords;^{[dubious –discuss][citation needed]} or iron ("Loha") chiefs ("Rana")), which later became Lohana.^{[dubious –discuss]}

There are no architectural remains of the old Hindu city of Lahore, a circumstance which might well be explained by the absence of stone material, and the numerous destructive invasions to which the city has been subjected. But also, in accordance with what all Indian architectural researchers tend to show namely, that the northern Hindus were not, until a comparatively late period, in the habit of building temples, or durable edifices of any kind. Even at Delhi, the seat of Hindu dynasties from upwards of a thousand years beforeCE to more than a thousand years afterCE, and there, where is abundance of stone, no specimens ofHindu architecture exist dating earlier than the tenth or eleventh century.^[8]

In 682 AD, according toFerishta, the Afghans ofPeshawar, who had, even at that early period, embracedIslam, wrested certain possessions from the Hindu prince. A war ensued, and in the space seventy battles were fought with varied success, until the Afghans, having formed an alliance with theGhakkars, a wild tribe inhabiting theSalt Range of Punjab, compelled the Raja to cede a portion of his territory. The next mention of Lahore is in theRajputanachronicles, where theBussas of Lahore, aRajput tribe, are mentioned as rallying to the defence ofChittore, when besieged by Muslim forces in the beginning of the ninth century.

At length, in 975 AD,Sultan Sabuktigin, Governor ofKhorassan and father of the celebratedSultan Mahmud Ghaznavi advanced beyond theIndus. He was met byRaja Jayapala, theRaja of Lahore whose dominion is said to have extended fromSirhind toLaghman and fromKashmir toMultan. By the advice of theBhatiRajput tribe, the Raja Jayapala formed an alliance with the Afghans, and, with their aid, was enabled to withstand the first invasion. However, Sabuktigin later repeated his conquest on his succession to the throne ofGhazni. A battle ensued in the vicinity ofLamghan ending with the defeat of the Raja and overtures being made for peace. His terms were accepted and persons were sent, on the part of Sabuktigin, to take the balance of the stipulated ransom. On reaching Lahore, Jayapala proved faithless and imprisoned those commissioned to receive the treasure. On learning intelligence of his perfidy, Sabuktigin, in the words of theFerishta,"like a foaming torrent, hastened towards Hindustan".^[9]

Another battles ensued, in which Jaipal was again vanquished, and he retreated, leaving the territory to the west of the Nilab or Indus in the hands of the invader. The invader did not retain the conquests that he had made for in 1008 AD, a confederation headed byAnandapala, the son ofRaja Jayapala, again met the advancing army, now commanded by Mahmud, son and successor of Sabaktagin, in the vicinity of Peshawar. Lahore was allowed to remain intact for thirteen years longer. Anandapala was succeeded by Nardjanpal, while Mahmud pushed his conquests into Hindustan. But in 1022 AD, he suddenly marched down from Kashmir, seized Lahore without opposition, and gave it over to be plundered.^[10] Nardjanpal fled helpless to Ajmer, and the Hindu principality of Lahore was extinguished forever. A final effort was made by the Hindus in the reign of Modud, 1045 AD, to recover their lost sovereignty, but after a fruitless siege of six months, they retired without success.^[11]

Few references to Lahore exist for times before its capture bySultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in the eleventh century. In 1021,Mahmud appointedMalik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of theGhaznavid Empire.^{[citation needed]}

TheSultan Mahmud Ghaznavi tookLahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. As the first Muslim ruler of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. The present Lahore Fort stands in the same location. Under his rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry. The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.^{[citation needed]}

Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1152,^[12] under the reign ofKhusrau Shah.^[13] The city then became the sole capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1163 after the fall ofGhazni.^[14] The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami Bazaar, and north of theBhatti Gate.^[12]

After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire,Lahore was ruled by various Muslim dynasties known as theDelhi Sultanate, including theKhaljis,Tughlaqs,Sayyid,Lodhis andSuris.^[15] When SultanQutb-ud-din Aybak was crowned here in 1206, he became the firstMuslimSultan ofSouth Asia.^[16] It was not until 1524 that Lahore became part of theMughal Empire.

In 1187, theGhurids invaded Lahore,^[17] ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made capital of theMamluk Dynasty of theDelhi Sultanate following the assassination ofMuhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultanQutbu l-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and scholars from as far away asTurkestan,Greater Khorasan,Persia, andMesopotamia. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any city in Persia or Khorasan.^[18][19]

Following the death of Aibak, Lahore came to be disputed among Ghurid officers. The city first came under control of the Governor ofMultan,Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, before being briefly captured by the sultan of the Mamluks in Delhi,Iltutmish, in 1217.^[17]

In an alliance with localKhokhars in 1223,Jalal al-Din Mangburni of theKhwarazmian dynasty of modern-dayUzbekistan captured Lahore after fleeingGenghis Khan's invasion ofKhwarazm.^[17] Jalal al-Din's then fled from Lahore to capture the city ofUch Sharif after Iltutmish's armies re-captured Lahore in 1228.^[17]

The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future Sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for medieval Islamic India,^[20] though Delhi had before been considered a forward base, while Lahore had been widely considered to be the centre of Islamic culture in the subcontinent.^[20]

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi - to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.^[17] Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate.^[17] Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.^[21] Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,^[22] while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chiefToghrul.^[20]

In 1266,Sultan Balban reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol rulerTemür Khan,^[20] the Mongols again overran northernPunjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region had become a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south toDipalpur.^[17] The Mongols againinvaded northern Punjab in 1298, though their advance was eventually stopped byUlugh Khan, brother of SultanAlauddin Khalji of Delhi.^[20] The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.^[23]

TheMongols invaded and conquered theKhwarazmian dynasty, the KingJalal al-Din Mangburni retreated to modernKhyber Pakhtunkhwa but was defeated inBattle of Indus.^[24]

The Mongol army advanced and in 1241, the ancient city ofLahore was invaded by 30,000-man cavalry. The Mongols defeated the Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash, massacred the entire population and the city was leveled to the ground.^[25] There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates theMongoldestruction.^[26] In 1266,Sultan Balban reconquered Lahore from the Mongols but in 1296 to 1305 the Mongols again overran northernPunjab. In 1298, 200,000 men Mongol army conqueredPunjab and committed atrocities then marched towards Delhi but was defeated byMalik Kafur general ofSultan Alauddin Khalji ruler of theDelhi Sultanate.

Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign ofGhazi Malik of theTughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329, byTarmashirin of the Central AsianChagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.^[17]Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,^[27] but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son,Muhammad bin Tughluq.^[17] The weakened city then fell into obscurity, and was captured once more by the Khokhars in 1394.^[28] By the timeTamerlane captured the city in 1398 from Shayka Khokhar, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.^[29]

Timur gave control of the Lahore region toKhizr Khan, Governor ofMultan, who later established theSayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of theDelhi Sultanate.^[30] Lahore was briefly occupied by theTimurid Governor of Kabul in 1432–33.^[20] Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again the Khokhar tribe, and so the city was granted toBahlul Lodi in 1441 by the Sayyid dynasty in Delhi, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.^[17]

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle withSikandar Lodi in 1485.^[31] Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship ofDaulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer ofGuru Nanak – founder of the Sikh faith.^[31]The lastLodi ruler,Sultan Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his fatherSultan Sikandar Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently, Daulat Khan, the governor ofPunjab and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler ofKabul to invadeDelhi.

Thefirst Battle of Panipat (April 1526) was fought between the forces ofBabur and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery,Babur won theFirst battle of Panipat and subsequently occupiedAgra andDelhi.

Lahore reached a peak of architectural glory during the rule of the Mughals, whose buildings and gardens survived the hazards of time. Lahore's reputation for beauty fascinated theEnglish poetJohn Milton, who wrote "Agra and Lahore, the Seat of Great Mughal" in 1670.^[32]

From 1524 to 1752, Lahore was part of the Mughal Empire. Lahore grew under emperorBabur; from 1584 to 1598, under the emperorsAkbar the Great andJahangir, the city served as the empire's capital. Lahore reached the peak of its architectural glory during the rule of the Mughals, many of whose buildings and gardens have survived the ravages of time. Lahore's reputation for beauty fascinated theEnglish poetJohn Milton, who wrote "Agra and Lahore, the Seat of the Great Mughal" in 1670.^[32] During this time, the massiveLahore Fort was built. A few buildings within the fort were added by Akbar's son, Mughal Emperor Jahangir, who isburied in the city. Jahangir's son, Shahjahan Burki, was born in Lahore. He, like his father, extended the Lahore Fort and built many other structures in the city, including theShalimar Gardens. The last of the great Mughals,Aurangzeb, who ruled from 1658 to 1707, built the city's most famous monuments, theBadshahi Masjid and theAlamgiri Gate next to the Lahore Fort.

During the 18th century, as Mughal power dwindled, Lahore was often invaded, and government authority was lacking. The great Punjabi poetBaba Waris Shah said of the situation,"khada peeta wahy da, baqi Ahmad Shahy da" — "we have nothing with us except what we eat and wear, all other things are forAhmad Shah". Ahmad Shah Durrani captured remnants of the Mughal Empire and had consolidated control over thePunjab andKashmir regions by 1761.^[33]

TheDelhi Sultanate and laterMughal Empire ruled the region. The Lahore region became predominantlyMuslim. Due tomissionarySufi saints whosedargahs dot the landscape ofPunjab region, and to the efforts of Mughal emperors, whose policies and forced religious conversions discouraged the growth of other religions.^[34]

The 1740s were years of chaos, and the city had nine different governors between 1745 and 1756.

Shortly after defeating the Afghans in theBattle of Delhi, theMarathas enteredLahore in 1758.

In March 1758, about 50,000 Maratha soldiers siegedSirhind. They formed an unusual alliance with theSikh Misls and the Mughal GovernorAdina Beg Khan. Lahore was governed by,Taimur Shah, son of Ahmed Shah, and subordinated by Jahan Khan, at the head of about 25,000 strong army. In April 1758, the Marathas massacred the Afghan garrison and victoriously enteredLahore.

In 1759, theMarathas and their allied forces crushed an invasion by the Durrani general Jahan Khan at the Battle of Lahore.^[35][36] TheMarathas achieved a string of astonishing successes with their conquests ofDelhi,Lahore,Kashmir,Multan,Peshawar andAttock. They appointedAdina Beg Khan as the new governor ofLahore.^{[citation needed]}

After defeating theDurranis Inbattle of Gujranwala (1761) andbattle of Sialkot, in 1761, the Sikhs attacked Lahore and besieged it. The Khawaja was forced to surrender and the Sikhs entered the city and plundered the city,^[37] capturing the royal mint and strucking coins bearing "Sikka Zad dar Jahan Bafazat-i-Akal, mulk-i-Ahmad garift Jassa Kalal", which means 'the coin struck by Grace of God in the country of Ahmad captured by Jassa Kalal.'^[38]

On 1765,Bhangi Misl leader Gujjar Singh Dhillon along with Lehna Singh and Sobha Singh Kanhaiya forced their way toLahore, They recapturedLahore, dividing the city into three parts with Lehna Singh getting the most important part of capital, who proved to be an able administrator^[39]

During the 18th century, asMughal power dwindled, Lahore was often invaded by Afghan armies and became aprovince of theAfghan Empire, governed by provincial rulers with their own court.^[40] mainly in thePunjab region.

On 7 July 1799,Ranjit Singh accompanied by his mother-in-lawSada Kaur captured Lahore.^[41] Ranjit Singh used the Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden next to the Mosque as his official royal court of audience.^[42]

Twelve Sikhmisls joined into one to form a new empire and sovereign Sikh State ruled byMaharaja Ranjit Singh.^[43]Ranjit Singh was crowned on 12 April 1801 at Lahore. The 1740s were years of chaos, and the city had nine different governors between 1745 and 1756. During this period Sikhs and Afghans fought battle against each other which is known asAfghan-Sikh wars, Sikhs able to capture wholePanjab region includingJammu, In 1801,Maharaja Ranjit Singh EstablishedSikh Empire. He defeated the grandson of Abdali,Zaman Shah in a battle between Lahore and Amritsar. Out of the chaos of Afghan and Sikh conflicts Ranjit Singh who was able to unify the Sikh factions and capture Lahore where he was crowned Emperor.

Syed Ahmad Barelvi inBalakot,Mansehra District on 6 May 1831. Barelvi declaredjihad against theSikhs and established a camp in Balakot. Along withShah Ismail Dehlvi and his tribesmen, he attacked the Sikhs at dawn. The battle lasted all day. The Sikh soldiers eventuallybeheaded Syed Ahmad Barelvi, and hundreds of his followers were killed causing the Muslim army to flee the battlefield.^[44][45][46]

Ranjit Singh's died on 27 June 1839 ultimately ended his reign, while the Sikh rule continued until theBritish gained control of the empire in 1849.

In 1841, during the Sikh civil war, Ranjit Singh's son, Sher Singh, used theBadshahi Mosque's large minarets for placement ofzamburahs or light guns, which were placed atop theminarets ofBadshahi Mosque to bombard the supporters of the Sikh Maharani Chand Kaur taking refuge in the besiegedLahore Fort, inflicting great damage to the Fort itself. In one of these bombardments, the Fort's Diwan-e-Aam (Hall of Public Audience) was destroyed (it was subsequently rebuilt by the British but never regained its original architectural splendour).^[47] During this time, Henri De la Rouche, a French cavalry officer employed in the army of Sher Singh,^[48] used a tunnel connecting the Badshahi Mosque to the Lahore Fort to temporarily store gunpowder.^[49]

Hazuri Bagh Baradari andLahore Fort, c. 1860s

Badshahi Mosque, c. 1880s

Street scene of Lahore, c. 1890

Government College, c. 1880s

Historic images of Lahore

Maharajah Ranjit Singh made Lahore his capital and was able to expand the kingdom to theKhyber Pass and also includedJammu and Kashmir, while keeping the British from expanding across the RiverSutlej for more than 40 years. Instability following his death in 1839 contributed to a series of adverse events that led eventually to British control of the Lahore Darbar ten years later. These precipitating factors were the internecine fighting between the Sikhs; several rapid forfeitures of territory by his sons; the intrigues of theDogras; and two Anglo-Sikh wars, thefirst in 1845–1846 and thesecond, of 1848-1849. Capitalising on the disarray surrounding the succession struggles afterRanjit Singh's death and only partially diminished by a war fought against the Sikhs on their eastern frontier, the British rode into Lahore in February 1846 and garrisoned their troops in the citadel. Two unstable years later, they were drawn into a second war with the Sikhs at the southern city ofMultan when that city's governor, Mul Raj, encouraged his troops to rebel. After a series of closely fought battles, the Sikh army was finally defeated in theBattle of Gujrat, sixty miles north of Lahore. In March 1848, following the British victory,Dalip Singh, Ranjit Singh's teenage son and heir to the throne, was formally deposed in Lahore. The remaining Sikh regiments in the city were abruptly decommissioned and camped outside the city demanding severance pay. Within a year, the Punjab was formally annexed to theBritish Empire and military sappers had begun leveling Lahore's city wall.

Under British rule (1849–1947),colonial architecture in Lahore combinedMughal,Gothic andVictorian styles. The General Post Office (GPO) and YMCA buildings in Lahore commemorated the golden jubilee ofQueen Victoria, an event marked by the construction of clock towers and monuments all overIndia. Other important British buildings included the High Court, theGovernment College University,the museums, theNational College of Arts, Montgomery Hall,Tollinton Market, theUniversity of the Punjab (Old Campus) and the Provincial Assembly.^[50]Under British rule, SirGanga Ram (sometimes referred to as the father of modern Lahore) designed and built the General Post Office, Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the NCA), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women) the Hailey College of Commerce, Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam, and the Lady Maynard Industrial School.^[51] He also constructedModel Town, a suburb that has recently developed into a cultural center for Lahore's growing socioeconomic elite.

The city has built a new campus in quieter environments on the Nahr, but the old university buildings are still functioning. For the sake of entertainment, the British introduced horse-racing to Lahore. The first racing club, established in 1924, is called LRC orLahore Race Club.

Lahore enjoys a special position in the history ofPakistan Movement andIndian Independence Movement. The 1929Congress session was held at Lahore. In this Congress, a resolution of "complete independence" was moved byPandit Nehru and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929.^[52]

Lahore prison was a place to detain revolutionary freedom fighters. Noted freedom fighterJatin Das died in Lahore prison after fasting for 63 days in protest of British treatment of political prisoners. One of the martyrs in the struggle for Indian independence,Shaheed Sardar Bhagat Singh, was hanged in Lahore Jail.^[53]

The most important session of theAll India Muslim League, later thePakistan Muslim League, was held in Lahore in 1940.^[54]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the league, publicly proposed theTwo Nation Theory for the first time anddemanded a separate homeland for Muslims of India.

The predominantly Muslim population supportedMuslim League andPakistan Movement. After theindependence ofPakistan in 1947, the minorityHindus andSikhs migrated toIndia while theMuslim refugees fromIndia settled in theLahore District.

Lahore is regarded as the heart of Pakistan and is now the capital of thePunjab province in the state of Pakistan. Almost immediately after the independence, large scale riots broke out among Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus, causing many deaths as well as damage to historic monuments—including theLahore Fort,Badshahi Mosque and other colonial buildings.^[55] WithUnited Nations assistance, thegovernment was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars of the communal violence of independence were erased. Less than 20 years later, however, Lahore once again became a battleground in theWar of 1965. The battlefield and trenches can still be observed today close to theWagah border area.

Afterindependence, Lahore was eclipsed byKarachi, which quickly became the biggest and most industrialized city. It was not until the administration ofMian brothers, and the 1990s riots inKarachi that Lahore once again gained its significance as an economic and cultural powerhouse through government reforms. The secondIslamic Summit Conference was held in the city.^[56] In 1996, theInternational Cricket CouncilCricket World Cup final match was held at theGaddafi Stadium in Lahore.

TheWalled City of Lahore known locally as the "Un-droone Shehr" (Inner City) is the oldest and most historic part of Lahore. The Punjab government embarked on a major project in 2009 to restore the Royal Trail (Shahi Guzar Gah) fromAkbari Gate to theLahore Fort with the help of theWorld Bank under the Sustainable Development of the Walled City of Lahore (SDWCL) project. The project aims at the Walled City development, at exploring and highlighting economic potential of the Walled City as a cultural heritage, exploring and highlighting the benefits of the SWDCL project for the residents, and at soliciting suggestions regarding maintenance of development and conservation of the Walled City.

The present day Lahore is a three-in-one city. That is why, when one visits Lahore; he findsthree different cities – each distinguished from other in one way or other. Theold city – existed for at least a thousand years – developed in and around circular road. Similarly, theBritish built Lahore covers the area fromMayo Hospital to theNahr on the east. Unquestionably,third Lahore which includes various posh localities such asGulberg, Bahria Town, Johar Town,Defence Housing Authority along with several others developed after the independence. Samnabad is a major residential area and administrative subdivision of Lahore, Pakistan. It is the one of Oldest Posh areas of Lahore and located in the center of City.^{[57][better source needed]}

• Timeline of Lahore history

• Khalid, Kanwal. "Lahore During The Ghaznavid Period: A Socio- Political and Cultural Study."

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