This article deals with the history of the city ofGlasgow,Scotland.
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The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, being the furthest downstreamfording point of the River Clyde, at its confluence with theMolendinar Burn. TheRomans built outposts in the area and constructed theAntonine Wall to keepRoman Britannia separate fromCeltic andPictishCaledonia. Items from the wall, such as altars fromRoman forts, includingBalmuildy, can be seen in theHunterian Museum. After the Romans withdrew from Caledonia, the village was part of the largeKingdom of Strathclyde, whose capital was atDumbarton 15 mi (24 km) downstream. It merged in the 9th century with other regions to create the unitedKingdom of Scotland.[1] The origins of Glasgow as an established city derive from its medieval position as Scotland's second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries when this bishopric was reorganised byKing David I of Scotland andJohn, Bishop of Glasgow.[2]
By the 12th century Glasgow had been granted the status of what can now be called a city and the cathedral was the seat of the Bishops and (after 1472) theArchbishops of Glasgow. While there may have been wooden buildings on the site, the first stone cathedral was consecrated in about 1136 and replaced by a bigger one which was consecrated in 1197. In the 15th century a private chapel was made toSt Machan in the north nave to devolve to the congregation at the death of the founder.[3] Extensions and alterations to the cathedral buildings have continued ever since. The most recent addition was the Millennium Window unveiled on 3 June 1999.[4]
After theScottish Reformation in 1560, the Catholic rituals ended and the Catholic statues and symbols were removed or painted over. The large Cathedral served three different Presbyterian parishes simultaneously. The choir was used by the Inner High parish. The nave was used by the Outer High parish (later named St. Paul's). The crypt was used by Laigh parish.[5]
In 1451, theUniversity of Glasgow was founded bypapal bull and established in religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. By the start of the 16th century, Glasgow had become an important religious and academic city and by the 17th century the university had moved from the cathedral precincts to its own building in the High Street. After 1870 the university attained international stature. The university's teaching quality was assessed in 2009 to be among the top 10 in Britain, along with its reputation as a "research powerhouse."[6]
By the 16th century, the city's tradesmen and craftsmen had begun to wield significant influence, particularly the Incorporation of Tailors, which in 1604 was the largest guild in Glasgow; members of merchant and craft guilds accounted for about 10% of the population by the 17th century.[7] With the discovery of theAmericas and the trade routes it opened up, Glasgow was ideally placed to become an important trading centre with theRiver Clyde providing access to the city and the rest of Scotland for merchant shipping. However, Scottish trade opportunities were hampered when theParliament of England passed theNavigation Acts in 1651, proscribing non-English shipping from trading with theEnglish overseas possessions and transporting goods from non-European nations toEngland or its colonies. Scotland's loss of the colony ofNova Scotia as a result of theAnglo-French War of 1627–1629 also hampered Scottish trade.[8] A second attempt at aScottish colony, theDarien scheme, ended in disaster, bankrupting the country in 1700.[9] However, Scottish merchants were undeterred by the Navigation Acts, continuing small-scalesmuggling with English colonies until theAct of Union in 1707.
Access to theAtlantic Ocean allowed the import of slave-producedcash crops such asAmerican tobacco andcotton along withCaribbean sugar into Glasgow, which were then further exported throughout Europe. These imports flourished after 1707, when union with England made the trade legal. By 1760, Glasgow had outstripped London as the main port for tobacco in theKingdom of Great Britain.[10] TheAmerican War of Independence put an end to most American trade, leading to financial ruin for some; trade turned tosugar, which largely came fromslave plantations in theCaribbean.
Glasgow's transformation from a provincial town to an international business hub was based originally on its control of the tobacco trade with theThirteen Colonies. The trade was interrupted by theAmerican Revolutionary War, and never recovered to even a fourth of its old trade. The tobacco merchants grew rich as their stocks of tobacco soared in value; they had diversified their holdings and were not badly hurt. Merchants turned their attention to theBritish West Indies and to textile manufacture. The trade, along with direct involvement in slave ownership, made a group of Glasgow merchants known as the "Tobacco Lords" very wealthy; they adopted the lifestyle of thelanded gentry, and lavished vast sums on great houses and splendid churches of Glasgow.[11] The merchants constructed spectacular buildings and monuments that can still be seen today, and reinvested their money in industrial development to help Glasgow grow further.
As the city's wealth increased, its centre expanded westwards as the lushVictorian architecture of what is now known as theMerchant City area began to spring up. New public buildings such as theCity Chambers onGeorge Square,Trades Hall onGlassford Street, and theMitchell Library inCharing Cross epitomised the wealth and riches of Glasgow in the late 19th century with their lavishly decorated interiors and intricately carved stonework. As this new development took place, the focus ofGlasgow city centre moved away from its medieval origins atHigh Street,Trongate,Saltmarket andRottenrow, and these areas fell into partial dereliction, something which is in places still evident to the present day.
Largely due to the money generated by trade, but also thanks to the opportunities created by the different industries present in and around the city, Glasgow's population boomed. Where in 1750 it had numbered 32,000 inhabitants, by 1850 it counted 200,000.[12]Town planning began in earnest in about 1770, under the guidance of James Barrie who, in 1772, implemented a new grid system aboveIngram Street.[13] However, this could not keep pace with the increasing population and conditions in the overcrowded slums were notoriously bad.
The de-silting of the Clyde in the 1770s allowed bigger ships to move further up the river, thus laying the foundations for industry and shipbuilding in Glasgow during the 19th century.
The abundance of coal and iron inLanarkshire led to Glasgow becoming an industrial city.Textile mills, based on cotton and wool, became large employers in Glasgow and the local region.
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In 1893 the burgh was constituted as the County of the City of Glasgow. Glasgow became one of the richest cities in the world, and a municipal public transport system, parks, museums and libraries were all opened during this period.
Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as "the Second City of the Empire" after London [althoughLiverpool,Dublin and several other British cities claim the same].[14] Shipbuilding onClydeside (the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at theScott family's shipyard at Greenock. After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised insteamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the woodensailing ships of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre.Clydebuilt became an industry benchmark of quality, and the river's shipyards were given contracts for warships.[15]
In the late 17th century, Scottishlinen was a major export to England. In 1680, the linen industry employed about 12,000 people in the Glasgow area, and the industry was heavily promoted by the government.[16] Thanks to a series of government acts and beneficial tax measures, by 1770, Glasgow had become the largest linen manufacturer in Britain. Tastes, however, were shifting towards ever more diaphanous fabrics, and Scottish manufacture could not compete in terms of quality. The climate was ideal for processing cotton, and Glasgow textile manufacturers turned their attentions to the production of fine cotton muslins, at which they came to excel, challenging the dominion of Indian muslins traded by theEast India Company by the 1780s.[17] Textiles, including plain, chequered and printed linens,[18] and clothing items were among Scotland's main exports to the tobacco-producing colonies from the 1720s onwards;[19] while the majority of these exports initially consisted in linen, by the close of the 18th century cotton had taken its place.[20]
From the 1750s, the fashion forsilk gauze led to an industry being set up inPaisley, which was hugely successful. Silk gauze was worn by women of almost all social classes, and could not be washed without losing its lustre, so the market was immensely lucrative. By the 1780s, Paisley silk gauze was being exported toEngland,Ireland andContinental Europe. As the fashion changed, cotton and muslin took over.[21]
The First World War brought large war contracts to the shipbuilders, even as many of the most skilled workers went into the services.
The city council was unique in the United Kingdom in appointing an official war artist,Frederick Farrell.[22]
The war saw the emergence of a radical movement called "Red Clydeside", led by militant trades unionists. There were also many strikes by the radicalShop Stewards' Movement, whose Clydesdale leaderWillie Gallacher later won a seat atWest Fife in the1935 general election to become the onlyCommunist Party of Great Britain MP to sit in theHouse of Commons.[23][24] Formerly aLiberal Party stronghold, the industrial districts switched to theLabour Party by 1922, with a base among theIrish Catholic working class districts. Women were especially active, with solidarity on housing issues. However, the "Reds" operated within Labour and had little influence in theBritish Parliament. The mood therefore changed to passive despair by the late 1920s.[25]
Glasgow did not escape the effects of theGreat Depression.
The outbreak of theSecond World War in 1939 temporarily arrested the ongoing decline, with the city's shipyards and heavy industries working at capacity to fuel the war effort, but this too came at a price — theLuftwaffe bombing of Clydeside (the worst of which was theClydebank Blitz in March 1941 (although the target of the bombing, the shipbuilding town ofClydebank, is just outside Glasgow itself).
Although ships and trains were still being built on Clydeside, cheap labour abroad reduced the competitiveness of Glasgow's industries. New shipbuilding superpowers such as Japan began to emerge as the competitiveness of the Glasgow shipyards began to decline. The major shipbuilders on the Clyde began to close down, but not beforeClydebank had built one of its last great ships,Cunard'sQueen Elizabeth 2. As of today, three major shipyards remain on the River Clyde, two of which are owned byBAE Systems Naval Ships;Govan andScotstoun, which focus principally upon the design and construction of technologically advanced warships for theRoyal Navy and other navies. Glasgow's function as a port also diminished - the introduction ofcontainerized freight spelled the end for the riverside's docks and wharves which had crumbled into dereliction by the late '60s.
As WW2 came to a close, the chief engineer of Glasgow Corporation - Robert Bruce - published the first of two highly influential studies into how the city could be regenerated in the future without the dominant heavy industries which had brought it much wealth in the past. TheBruce Report, as it would become known, would ultimately become the blueprint of the Glasgow of today. Its basic aim was to depopulate the overcrowded centre, dispersing the population to outer areas of the city in order to allow a new service based economy to flourish with the help of an overhauled transport system. Although many of its more radical proposals to rebuild the city centre were rejected - Bruce advocated the destruction of many now-cherishedVictorian andEdwardian buildings, the report's housing and transport proposals were virtually followed to the letter. The infamous tenement slums[26] (many of which had been destroyed or badly damaged by wartime bombs) were replaced by a new generation of high rise housing and large suburban housing estates (known locally as "schemes").
In 1949 the Scottish Office in Edinburgh issued an alternative to the Bruce Report, theClyde Valley Regional Plan 1946 ('CVP'). This was authored by a team led bySir Patrick Abercrombie and Robert H Matthew[27] and disagreed with the Bruce Report in a number of important areas. In particular the CVP recommended an overspill policy for Glasgow and the rehousing of much of the population innew towns outside the city. The Bruce Report preferred rebuilding and rehousing within the city boundary. The friction and debate between the supporters and spheres of influence for these two reports led to a series of initiatives designed to transform the city over the following fifty years.[28][29]
In the end a blend of both plans was progressed. Whilst the hundreds of newtower blocks changed the city's skyline forever, the high rise edifices broke up long established community relationships and social structures. Coupled to poor design and low quality construction, some of the blocks created as many problems as they solved and became magnets for crime and deprivation. Thousands more Glaswegians relocated to the new towns ofCumbernauld,East Kilbride, Livingston,Glenrothes and Irvine. Bruce also proposed a ring road scheme around the central area, the which would become part of theM8 motorway, which decimated the Charing Cross and Anderston areas beyond recognition, with many historic Victorian buildings being destroyed to make way for its construction.
The 1970s and early 1980s were dark periods in the history of the city, as steelworks, coal mines, engine factories and other heavy industries went out of business. This led to mass unemployment and high levels ofurban decay. In the late 1960s amoral panic swept Glasgow with media and police attention focused onnew youth gangs that were younger, more violent and more dangerous than theGlasgow razor gangs of the 1920s and 1930s.[30]
Since the mid-80s however, the city has enjoyed an economic and cultural renaissance — afinancial district consisting of a number of new, purpose-built office buildings has rapidly developed in the western end of the city centre, and this has become home to many well-known banks, consultancy and IT firms, legal practices, andinsurance companies. Between 1998 and 2001, the city's burgeoning financial service sector grew at a rate of 30%.
In the suburbs, numerous leisure and retail developments have been built on the former sites of factories and heavy industries. Glasgow is the premier site forcall-centres inBritain. Critics argue that such new developments are relatively fragile and do not offer as many highly skilled long-term employment opportunities, owing to their dependence on the service sector rather than manufacturing.
While manufacturing has dwindled in its relative importance to the city's economy, there is still a strong manufacturing sector (the fourth largest in the UK, accounting for well over 60% of Scotland's manufactured exports) particularly in the areas of engineering and shipbuilding, chemicals, food and drink, printing, publishing and textiles, as well as new growth sectors such as software and biotechnology. Glasgow also forms the western part ofSilicon Glen which produces over 30% of Europe's PCs, 80% of its workstations, and 65% of its ATMs. A growing number of Blue Chip companies are basing major operations or headquarters in Glasgow, includingBT,Abbey,National Australia Group Europe,Royal Bank of Scotland,HBOS,Scottish Power,JPMorgan Chase,Morgan Stanley,Barclays andLloyds TSB. Glasgow-basedScottish Power is one of three Scottish companies to be included on theFortune Global 500 rankings. These names rub shoulders with the more well established firms, which represent traditional sectors of Glasgow's economy, including;Diageo,Allied Domecq,William Grant & Sons,Tennent Caledonian Breweries,Whyte and Mackay,MacFarlane Group,BAE Systems,Rolls-Royce Aero Engines,Imperial Chemical Industries,Weir Group, andAggreko.
Since the 1980s, Glasgow has been rebuilding both its image and its architecture. The City Council began a programme of sandblasting the decades of soot and grime from the city's many tenements and municipal buildings, revealing their magnificent Victorian stonework. Rather than demolish the tenement flats that had survived, they were instead extensively cleaned and refurbished to become desirable private housing. The western end of the central area was redeveloped into a newcentral business district which continues to attract financial firms from around the globe. In 1983, the 'Glasgow's Miles Better' campaign was followed by the considerable coup of theNational Garden Festival being held in Glasgow in 1988 at the Prince's Dock in Govan. Glasgow was then namedEuropean City of Culture in 1990, followed by City of Architecture and Design in 1999 and European Capital of Sport in 2003. Glasgow boasts the largest contemporary arts scene in the UK outside London, which is centred on the annual 'Glasgow International' arts festival. Glasgow was the host city for the2014 Commonwealth Games, andfootball events for the2012 Olympic Games were staged in the city.
The city's riverbank has been particularly transformed – from industrial dereliction caused by the decline of shipbuilding into an entertainment and residential centrepiece. The banks of the Clyde have become a playground for property developers, with office blocks and high-rise luxury flats taking the place of the old shipyards, granaries, wharves and docks.
Glasgow is the capital of contemporary music in Scotland, and has many venues and clubs such as theBarrowlands andKing Tut's Wah Wah Hut that promote new bands and DJs. Additionally, it is home to artists such asFranz Ferdinand andBelle & Sebastian. The SSE Hydro opened in 2013, is the 3rd most busiest music venue in the world.[31]
Redevelopment of residential areas, combined with the increased cultural activities, has contributed to a better environment. With this, the City Council has been successful in attracting tourists, conferences as well as major sporting events to the city.Public housing, previously administered by theGlasgow City Council, was transferred to the not-for-profitGlasgow Housing Association in 2003. This affected some 80,000 properties and created Britain's largestsocial landlord in an innovative tenant-led organisation. The new GHA has already begun the process of demolishing many of the infamous concrete housing estates and high-rise tower blocks which were built during the 1960s, in preparation for a new generation of public housing.
Prior to the 2013 merger of Scottish police forces intoPolice Scotland, Glasgow's local police force wasStrathclyde Police. Its area covered Glasgow, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, Dunbartonshire and Argyll & Bute. Established in 1975, the force served 2.2 million people and replaced the local county constabularies and theCity of Glasgow Police, the UK's first police force.
In March 2019, 'Stones and Bones' community archaeologists, with a boy named Mark McGettigan, revealed long-lost medieval stone carvings atGovan Old Parish Church. The stones dating to the 10th and 11th centuries known asthe Govan Stones were assumed to have been demolished by chance when a neighboring shipyard building was destroyed in the 1970s.[32] "This the most exciting discovery we have had at Govan in the last 20 years. The Govan Stones are a collection of international importance and these recovered stones reinforce the case for regarding Govan as a major early medieval centre of power" said Professor Stephen Driscoll.[33]
