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At the turn of the 17th century, a solidline of military fortifications was built in the area, stretching for almost 800 kilometers (500 mi).Zaporozhian Cossacks, who moved here because of the nobility and the tax burden, were in charge of the line defenses. Even more Cossacks moved to the area during theKhmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657) and the internecine wars in theCossack Hetmanate (1659–1679). Belgorod became the military and administrative center, after originating as anoutpost on the southern borders of Russia.
Following theBattle of Poltava,Peter I granted to soldiers of Greater Belgorod the regiment flag.
From 1708 to 1727, the territory of the modern Belgorod Oblast was part of theKiev andAzov governorates. In 1727,Belgorod Governoratewas established from parts of Kiev Governorate. The governorate lasted until 1779. This territory was much greater than that of today, and the governorate incorporated territories modernKursk,Oryol, and parts ofBryansk andKharkiv oblasts. Thecoat of arms of the then-Governorate is still used by the modern Belgorod Oblast.
In 1775–1779, the territory of Belgorod Governorate was abolished and divided between the newly formed governorates and vice-royalties. The city of Belgorod and the area around it became a part of Kursk Vice-Royalty, while the southeasternuyezds became a part ofVoronezh Governorate.
Nikolo-Tikhvinsky Monastery in 1900
During the 19th century and up until 1928 the territory of modern Belgorod Oblast remained part of the Kursk and Voronezh governorates. After the signing of theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk in April 1918, in January 1919 the territory was incorporated into theUkrainian State underhetmanPavlo Skoropadskyi.
The current administrative-territorial boundaries of Belgorod Oblast were formed by the Decree of the Presidium of theSupreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 January 1954. The oblast was formed from severaldistricts ofKursk andVoronezh Oblasts.
For the courage and resilience shown by the people of Belgorod Oblast in defense of the Motherland during theGreat Patriotic War, and for progress in reconstruction and development of national economy. On 4 January 1967, Belgorod Oblast was awarded theOrder of Lenin, and in 1980 the city of Belgorod was awarded theOrder of the Patriotic War, first degree.
In May 2023, the governor of the region claimed that a Ukrainian "sabotage group"entered the region. Ukrainian media identified the alleged groups as theFreedom of Russia Legion andRussian Volunteer Corps.[7] The units claimed they had "completely liberated" the settlement of Kozinka in the oblast, and that they had entered Graivoron.[8]
The area of the oblast is 27,100 square kilometers (10,500 sq mi); the oblast stretches for about 190 kilometers (120 mi) from north to south and for about 270 kilometers (170 mi) from east to west. The oblast is located in the southwestern and southern slopes of theCentral Russian Upland in theDnieper andDon Riverbasins, in thesteppe zone of elevated hilly plain with an average height of 200 meters (660 ft) above the sea level. The highest point is 277 meters (909 ft) above sea level, inProkhorovsky District.[10] The lowest point is located at the bottom of theOskol andSeversky Donets River valleys.
Rivers, lakes, and marshes occupy about 1% of the oblast. There are more than 480 small rivers and streams. The largest of them are in the northwest—theSeversky Donets,Vorskla, Vorsklitsa,Psyol, and in the eastern regions—theOskol,Tikhaya Sosna,Chyornaya Kalitva, Valuy. The total length of the river network is roughly 5,000 kilometers (3,100 mi), and in addition, there are 1,100 ponds and four artificialreservoirs.
Theclimate of Belgorod Oblast is temperate continental with a relatively mild winter with some snowfall and long summers. Average annual air temperature varies from +5.4 °C (41.7 °F) to +6.7 °C (44.1 °F), being warmer on average in the southeast than the north. The coldest month is January and the frost-free period is 155–160 days, with an average of 1800 hours of sunshine. Rainfall is uneven by year and season, with an average of 540–550 mm although rainfall can dramatically differ between the western and northern areas and the warmer, drier eastern and southeast where some years lows of around 400 millimeters (16 in) have been recorded.
Over 40% of knowniron ore reserves of Russia are concentrated in the oblast. Deposits are confined to theKursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Among them are Korobkovsky, Lebedinskoye, Stoylenskoye, and prospective Prioskolskoye iron ore deposits in Stary Oskol District, Bolshetroitskoye inShebekinsky District, as well as Yakovlevskoye and Pogremetskoye fields.
Identified and explored in varying degrees are the large deposits ofbauxites,apatites, underground mineral waters, and numerous deposits of construction materials such aschalk,sand,clay, and more. There are also known occurrences ofgold,graphite, and other rare metals. Geographical features make the oblast likely to have deposits ofplatinum,hydrocarbons, and other minerals.
Thefauna is predominantly of the meadow-steppe variety and comprises, by various estimates, from ten to fifteen thousand species. About 10% of the animal species are in need of special protection. Fifty species are included in theIUCN Red List. There are about 279 species of birds, including 152 that breed in the oblast. The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species);waders (45 species);geese (up to 30 species); daypredators (21 species). The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species); waders (45 species); geese (up to 30 species); day predators (21 species). The numbers of game animal species are as follows: moose: 387; deer: 501; roe deer: 4474; boar: 2574; hare: 18361; fox: 3856; marten: 2025; polecat: 1120; wolf: 36. The annual number of game animals remains stable.
The vegetation reflects the features of the northern forest-steppe, characterized by the alternation of forests with the meadow steppes. It is chiefly represented by two types of vegetation—the zonal and extrazonal. In all, there are 1,284 flora species. Woodlands cover 9.8% of the total area, of which over 800 hectares are classified as protected areas because their rare species of plants and habitats of animals are on the IUCN red list.
The Belgorod region played a significant role in the evolution of Russian culture.[11]It was inhabited by different tribes besidesEast Slavs and was one of the earliest Rus' principalities. Belgorod region played an important role in the Russian wedding tradition of theRushnyk. Belgorod is also famous for its wood carving.
Old Russian Rushnyk in Belgorod
Traditional folk costumes of Belgorod
Wood carvings of Belgorod
Belgorod bread. Belgorod region was one of the Old Russian regions from which theBread and Salt tradition spread
During theSoviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Belgorod CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, when the CPSU lost power, the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside electedregional parliament.
The Charter of Belgorod Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Belgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of theGovernor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
The governor of Belgorod Oblast,Yevgeny Savchenko, was first appointed to this position in 1993 and subsequently re-elected in 1995, 1999, 2003, 2012 and 2017. In the 1999 election, his rival wasVladimir Zhirinovsky. Savchenko holds the title of longest-serving governor in post-Soviet Russia, being in office for 27 years. Since November 2020,Vyacheslav Gladkov is the governor of Belgorod Oblast.
In terms of area, the oblast is in the67th place among the federal subjects of Russia; while in terms of population it is30th (as of the results of the2021 Census,[4] down two places compared to the2010 Census results. According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of the oblast was 1,540,486, with the urban population of 65.2% and the rural population of 34.8%.[4] This is up from 1,532,526 recorded in the 2010 Census,[12] and 1,380,723 recorded in the1989 Census.[13]
Population density in 2008 was 56.1 persons per 1 km2.[14] The average age is 38.5 years—35.6 for men and 41 for women; 46% of the population are economically active.
As in other regions of the European part of Russia, since the dissolution of theSoviet Union there has been a natural population decrease (about -5 per 1,000 of the population). In recent years, there has been some reversion of this decline as a result of growth of fertility and mortality. Nevertheless, despite the negative trend of growth, the population of the area has remained relatively stable because of immigration. Belgorod, in Soviet times, attracted retirement workers from the Far North and Ukraine. This trend has increased since 2005 and now cancels out the natural decline in population. Worker migrants also arrive in Belgorod fromUzbekistan; however, Muslim migrants face discrimination on a daily basis, and choose to leave.[15][16]
According to a 2012 survey[23] 50.5% of the population of Belgorod Oblast adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church, 8.1% arenondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 1.7% areOrthodox Christians who don't belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, 22.2% of the population declares to bespiritual but not religious, 10.5% isatheist orirreligious, and 7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[23]
Belgorod Oblast is administratively divided into twenty-one districts (raions), which are further divided into 335rural okrugs. There are tencities/towns in the oblast, as well as twentyurban-type settlements and 1,592 rural-type settlements.
Belgorod Oblast is a highly developedindustrial-agrarian region, whose economy relies on its enormous wealth of mineral resources and the blackchernozem soils. Some 2,713.4 thousand hectares is dedicated to agriculture, over 70% of which are chernozems. Per capita, there are an average of 1.43 hectares of pastoral land, and 1.1 hectares of arable land. Natural forests and forest plantations occupy 248.3 thousand hectares, or 12.5% of the oblast's area. Total timber reserves are estimated to be 34.3 million m3.
Belgorod Oblast has traditionally had and still has strong ties with the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Despite its relatively small size, the oblast accounts for one fifth of the trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine.[citation needed]
Important railways and highways of regional significance cross the oblast's territory, connecting Moscow with the southern and western regions of Russia and Ukraine. Of major importance is the Crimea Highway, or federal highway M-2 Crimea, and the Moscow-Kharkiv-Sevastopol railway line. The length of railways for general use is 694.6 km; the length of paved roads is 8,500 km; roughly 87% of the total road surface in the oblast.
Белгородская областная Дума. Закон №108 от 31 декабря 2003 г. «Устав Белгородской области», в ред. Закона №333 от 23 января 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 36 и 41 Устава Белгородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, для которых предусмотрены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Белгородские известия", №4–5, 10 января 2004 г. (Belgorod Oblast Duma. Law #108 of December 31, 2003Charter of Belgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #333 of January 23, 2015On Amending Articles 36 and 41 of the Charter of Belgorod Oblast. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication, with the exception of some clauses for which other dates of taking effect are specified.).
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