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The recorded history ofAndhra Pradesh, one of the 28 states of 21st-century India, begins in theVedic period. It is mentioned inSanskrit epics such as theAitareya Brahmana (800BCE).[1][2][3] Its sixth-century BCE incarnationAssaka lay between theGodavari andKrishna Rivers,[4] one of sixteenmahajanapadas (700–300 BCE). TheSatavahanas succeeded them (230 BCE–220 CE), builtAmaravati, and reached a zenith underGautamiputra Satakarni.
After the Satavahanas, the region fragmented intofiefdoms. By the late second century CE,Andhra Ikshvakus ruled along the Krishna River. In the fourth century CE, thePallava dynasty ruled southern Andhra Pradesh andTamilakam, and had a capital atKanchipuram. Their power increased in the reigns ofMahendravarman I (571–630) andNarasimhavarman I (630–668), and dominated northernTamilakam and the southernTelugu-speaking region until the end of the ninth century.[clarification needed]Northern Andhra Pradesh was underVengi Chalukyas starting from 624 CE. Later during 1002 CE Vengi Chalukyas became subordinate ofImperial Cholas whenRajaraja Chola I helped Vengi Chalukyas to secure the Vengi throne fromTelugu Chola king Jata Choda Bhima. From 1002 CE till 1206 CE Andhra Pradesh was under Imperial Cholas.
From 1206 CE to 1323 CE theKakatiya dynasty unified the land and in that golden ageTikkana’s translation of theMahabharata foundedTelugu literature. In 1258 CE, Pandyan emperorJatavarman Sundara Pandyan I defeatedNellore Cholas and Kakatiyas, extendingPandyan empire till Nellore. Kakatiyas unified the Andhra again during internal crisis in Pandyan empire. In 1323 CE,Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sultan of Delhi, sent a large army underUlugh Khan[5] to laysiege to Warangal. After theKakatiya dynasty fell, theDelhi Sultanate, and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India competed for the region.Reddi Kingdom was emerged under Prolaya Vema Reddy and successors ruled parts of this region in the early 14th century.[42] Reddy kings constructed Kondaveedu Fort and Kondapalli Fort. Reddy kings ruled entireCoastal Andhra and parts ofTamil Nadu between 1325-1448[6][7]. In the end theMusunuri Nayaks won over Delhi.
UnderKrishnadevaraya of theVijayanagara Empire (1336 CE–1646 CE) the Telugus became independent, then theQutb Shahi dynasty ruled theBahmani Sultanate there from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries, and was tolerant of Telugu culture.
The French, under theMarquis de Bussy-Castelnau, and the English, underRobert Clive, altered the regional polity. In 1765 CE, Clive and thechief and council atVisakhapatnam obtained theNorthern Circars fromMughal emperorShah Alam. The British later defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram, in 1792 CE.
Andhra State was created in the year 1953 CE.Potti Sriramulu had campaigned for a state independent of theMadras Presidency, andTanguturi Prakasam Pantulu social-reform movements led to the founding of Andhra State, with a capital atKurnool and freedom-fighter Pantulu as its first chief minister. A democracy with two stable political parties and a modern economy emerged under theN. T. Rama Rao.
India became independent in 1947. TheNizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khanto, wanted to remain independent, but in 1948 the Indian Armyannexed Hyderabad to theDominion of India, where it becameHyderabad State. Andhra Pradesh, the first Indian state formed primarily on the basis of language post independence, split off from theMadras Presidency in 1953.Andhra State merged with the Telugu-speaking portion ofHyderabad State in 1956 to create the state ofAndhra Pradesh.Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the firstChief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
TheLok Sabha formedTelangana from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[8]
TheChalcolithic period is dated using pottery and is believed to be around 1750 BC or earlier. The pottery used for dating the time period was discovered from sites near the Krishna andTungabhadra rivers such as Patapadu. A painted spouted vessel found there resembles chalcolithic-age vessels fromNavdatoli and as far asBronze AgeCrete.[9]
The term Andhra was first mentioned as the name of a tribe in theAitareya Brahamana, datable to 800 B.C. Andhras left the north of Indian subcontinent near theYamuna river, crossed theVindhyas and came to present-day Andhra Pradesh andTelangana. It also mentions that the Andhras were socially parallel to other tribes like thePundras, SabarasandPulindas. There are references to an Andhra kingdom and a people known as the Andhras inIndian epic poetry (theMahabharata, theRamayana and thePuranas). In theMahabharataRukmi ruled theVidarbha Kingdom, which included theDeccan Plateau, the foothills of theVindhya Range, present-day Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh andKarnataka and a little-known (now submerged) archipelago in theBay of Bengal.Rama is said to have lived in the forest around present-dayBhadrachalam during his exile.
Ancient literature indicates a history dating to several centuries BCE, but archaeological evidence exists only from the last two millennia. The fifth-century Kingdom of Pratipalapura, identified withBhattiprolu in theGuntur district of Andhra Pradesh, may have been the earliest kingdom in South India. Inscriptions suggest that King Kubera ruled Bhattiprolu around 230 BCE.[10]
The script of the Bhattiprolu inscriptions was the progenitor of theBrahmilipi, which later diversified into modernTelugu scripts.[11]
As part of theMauryan Empire during the fourth century BCE, Andhra was a political state in the southeasternDeccan. According toMegasthenes, who visited the court ofChandragupta Maurya (322–297), the Andhras had 30 fortified towns alongGodavari River and an army of 1,00,000[clarification needed] infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.[12] The military might of Andhras was second only to the Mauryas.
Uninterrupted political and cultural accounts of Andhra Pradesh begin during the rise of theSatavahana dynasty. According to theMatsya Purana, the dynasty had 29 rulers in a 456-year period from the second century BCE to the second century CE. An inscription atNasik, written at the time ofGautamiputra Satakarni (the 23rd Satavahana ruler), indicates that the kingdom included most of the southern peninsula and southern parts of Maharashtra,Orissa andMadhya Pradesh. The court language used by the Satavahanas wasPrakrit, and their kings observed theVedic religion.
The fall of the Satavahana empire left Andhra in political chaos, and local rulers carved out small kingdoms for themselves. Between 180 and 624 CE, control of Andhra lay with theIkshvaku,Bruhatpalayana,Salankayana,Vishnukundina,Vakataka,Pallava,Ananda Gotrika,Kalinga and other small kingdoms; the most important was Ikshvaku.Sanskrit replaced Prakrit as the inscriptional language at this time.
TheAndhra Ikshvakus (Sanskrit: इक्श्वाकू) established a kingdom along the Krishna River in the second half of the second century CE. Their capital wasVijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda). Archaeological evidence indicates that the Ikshvakus succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley and may have entered Andhra from the north.[13] The Ikshvakus left inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda,Jaggayyapeta, Amaravati andBhattiprolu, and their rulers observed theVedic religion.
Some historians believe that Andhra Ikshvakus were related to the mythologicalIkshvakus, while some believe Andhra Ikshvakus to be a local tribe who adopted the title.[14][15] Some scholars believe that this dynasty was related to the ancientIkshvakus of theHindu epics, andRama of theRamayana, the incarnation ofVishnu, was descended from theIkshvaku line. Inscriptions in the Nagarjunakonda valley, Jaggayyapeta and Ramireddipalli provide some support for this hypothesis.[16]
In theVayu Purana,Manu (the patriarch of ancient India) had nine sons; Ikshvaku, the eldest, founded theSuryavamsha dynasty and ruled fromAyodhya at the beginning of theTreta Yuga. He had 100 sons; the eldest was Vikushi, who succeeded his father as the ruler of Ayodhya. Fifty of Vikushi's brothers founded small principalities inNorth India, and forty-eight founded kingdoms in the south. In the Dharmamrita, during the lifetime of the 12thtirthankara, Yasodhara (an Ikshvaku prince from the kingdom ofAnga) went toVengi. The prince was so impressed with the region's beauty and fertility that he made it his home and founded the city of Pratipalapura (present-day Bhattiprolu).
In the Puranas, the Andhra Ikshvakus are called Sriparvatiyas (rulers of Sriparvata) andAndhrabhrityas (servants of the Andhras). They were feudal lords of theSatavahanas, and bore the title of Mahatalavara. Although the Puranas cite seven kings ruling Andhra for 100 years, only four are confirmed in inscriptions.
Santamula I founded the Ikshvaku dynasty, performing theAshvamedha,Agnihotra, Agnistoma andVajapeya yagnas to proclaim his imperial status. Rulers of subsequent dynasties commonly performed the Ashvamedha yagna to declare their independence.
Virapurushadatta was the son and successor of Santamula through his wife, Madhari. He had a sister, Adavi Santisri, took a queen from theSaka family ofUjjain and gave his daughter in marriage to aChutu prince.
Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II), Virapurushadata's son, ruled after a shortAbhira interregnum.
Rudrapurushadatta was an Ikshvaku ruler mentioned in inscriptions fromGurajala inGuntur district. Possibly a son of Ehuvula Santamula, he ruled for over 11 years.
During the third century CE, theBruhatpalayanas ruled northern Andhra from their capital,Kodur, in theKrishna district.
TheAnanda Gotrikas (335–425) ruled coastal Andhra from their capital, Kapotapuram. Their affiliations are unknown. A few Anandagotras families have been discovered in theAnantapur district andKadiri taluk. It is an oldKadapa district: Hiranya Raajya, in the Puranas. Anandagotras live in Cedaranya ofKadhiri area hill/mountain places called Batrapalli forest, Gogannapeta, Pandava Raju hill and Vankapalli. Old andha/kandarapuram have been demolished. Kambamraayudu mountain hill areas' surname is tatam in patras.
From about 300 to 440, after the fall of the Ikshvakus, theSalankayanas ruled part of the east coast fromVengi. Like the Vishnukundinas ofVinukonda who succeeded them, the Salankayanas were vassals of thePallavas of the southernTelugu and northernTamil lands. At this time, Telugu andKannada scripts began to separate from those of other Indian dialects.
ThePallava dynasty ruledSouth India from the fourth to the ninth centuries fromKanchipuram inTamil Nadu. It was ascendant during the reigns ofMahendravarman I (590–630) andNarasimhavarman I (630–668) and included the southernTelugu and the north of the Tamil regions.
The Pallavas were noted for their patronage ofDravidian architecture, examples of which survive inMahabalipuram. The Chinese travellerXuanzang visitedKanchipuram under Pallava rule), and extolled its benign government.[17] The period was characterized by conflict with theChalukyas ofBadami in the north and the Tamil states ofChola andPandyas in the south. During the ninth century, the Pallavas were succeeded by theChola dynasty
TheVishnukundina dynasty ruled in theDeccan andSouth India in the fifth and sixth centuries CE. Early rulers of the dynasty allied with theVakatakas and theRashtrakutas by marriage.
In 529, Madhava Varma (a descendant of the dynasty) and four allied clans achieved independence by defeating theSalankayanas in coastal Andhra.
TheMatsyas,Chedis,Pericchedis,Haihayas andKalachuris may share a common Vedic ancestry andorigin myth, but the link is tenuous. In thePuranas, Matsya (Sanskrit for "fish") was the name of a tribe (Meenas) and a state under the Vedic civilisation. The Matsya tribe was founded by a fisherman who became a king. TheMahabharata (V.74.16) describes King Sahaja as a son ofUparichara Vasu, aChedi king. Vasu ruled the Chedis and the Matsyas, suggesting the Matsya were once part of the Chedi kingdom. The Puranas mention six Matsya kingdoms, and thePandya Kingdom in the south has a fish on its banner. Signs of the Matsya were later found in theVisakhapatnam region.
The Chedi kingdom, in central and western India, was first ruled byPaurava kings and later byYadav kings. It corresponds roughly to the present-dayBundelkhand region ofMadhya Pradesh.
TheHaihaya kingdom (haya means "horse") was one of a number of kingdoms ruled byChandravamshaKshatriya kings in central and western India. TheVishnu Purana links its outlying tribes to theYadu tribe. According to the Puranas, the Haihaya were divided into the Talajanghas, Vitihotras, Avantis, Tundikeras and Jatas. Haihaya rulers included the legendaryKartavirya Arjuna, a powerful king who defeatedRavana. Although he had a thousand arms, he was felled and his arms severed byParasurama. The Haihaya capital wasMahishmati, on the banks of theNarmada River inMadhya Pradesh.
Kalachuri is the name used by two kingdoms who claim a common ancestry and ruled in a succession of dynasties from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The first kingdom controlled westernMadhya Pradesh andRajasthan in central India. The second, the southern Kalachuri, ruled part ofKarnataka. Kalachuri kings, related by marriage to theChalukyas andRashtrakutas, and ruled fromTripuri,Gorakhpur, Ratnapur and Rajpur.
The nameKalachuri may derive fromkali (long moustache) andchuri (sharp knife). The Kalachuri were also known as Katachuris.
In the Telugu epicTheBattle of Palnadu, the Kalachuri are referred to as the Haihaya family of the Kona region (Amalapuram), theRazoleTaluqs of the present-dayEast Godavari district, and the Haihaya family ofPalanadu. They were vassals of the Chalukyas.
ThePericchedis are also mentioned as vassals of the Chalukyas. According to V. Rama Chandra Rao, they were connected to the ancient Chedi. The Pericchedis had two branches, with Kollipaka and Bezawada their capitals. Rao also mentions that theVatsavai dynasty ofPeddapuram may be related to theMatsya dynasty, since there is evidence of a branch in the Visakhapatnam area.[18]
An 1174 record suggests the Kalachuri dynasty was thought to be founded by Soma, who grew a beard and moustache to save himself fromParashurama's wrath. Their emblem wassuvarna vrishabha, a golden bull. The Kalachuri honouredKrantivirya Sahasrarjun, who killed Rishi Jamdagni (Bhagwan Parshurama's father). Historians such asP. B. Desai emphasize the Kalachuris' central-Indian origin.
At their zenith, theKalachuris ruled parts ofGujarat,Malwa,Konkan andMaharashtra. Their rule was ended by theBadami Chalukyas under Badami Chalukya Magalesa.Lieutenant colonelJames Tod recorded a tribe of Haihayas "near the very top of the valley ofSohagpur inBagelkhand, aware of their ancient lineage, and though few in number, still celebrated for their valour".[19]
Between 624 and 1323, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium alongside Prakrit and Sanskrit. From around 848 (during the time of GunagaVijayaditya) to the 11th century, the language progressed from stanzas to full literary works. At this time, it was written in old Telugu script;Al-Beruni referred to the script as "Andhri" in his 1000Kitab Al-Hind. During the 11th century, theMahabharata was partially translated by court poetNannaya under the patronage of theEastern Chalukya rulerRajaraja Narendra. ModernTelugu script evolved from the old Telugu script from the 11th to the 19th centuries.
The Eastern Chalukyas were a branch of theChalukyas ofBadami.Pulakesin II conqueredVengi (nearEluru) in 624 and installed his brother,Kubja Vishnuvardhana (624–641), as its ruler. The Vishnuvardhana dynasty, known as the Eastern Chalukyas, ruled for nearly four centuries. Vishnuvardhana's domain extended fromSrikakulam in the north toNellore in the south.
Control of the Vengi region shifted from Gunaga Vijayaditya toRashtrakuta rule, to theKalyani Chalukya and then to theCholas. In 1118,Kulottunga Chola was defeated byVikramaditya VI of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty. The Cholas atTalakad were defeated by theHoysala ruler,Vishnuvardhana, and Vengi was again ruled by the Chalukyas. LaterVikrama Chola recaptured Vengi from Kalyani Chalukyas and it remained under Cholas till early thirteenth century. After the death ofKulottunga Chola III, Vengi went into the hands ofKakatiyas.
Theancient Chola kingdom mentioned in the writings ofGreek merchants andgeographers faded into darkness after c. 300 CE. Cholas during this period almost completely disappeared from their native land. The Cholas disappeared from the Tamil land almost completely in this debacle, though a branch of them can be traced towards the close of the 6th century in Rayalaseema—theTelugu-Cholas, whose kingdom is mentioned by Xuanzang in the seventh century CE.[20] Due to Kalabhra invasion and growing power of Pallavas,Cholas migrated from their native to Telugu country and ruled from there as chieftains of Pallavas at least since 470 CE. SeveralTelugu Chola families like Renati Cholas, Pottapi Cholas,Nellore Cholas,Velanati Cholas, Nannuru Cholas existed and claimed descent from ancient Tamil Chola kingKarikala Chola.[21] The Cholas had to wait for another three centuries until the accession ofVijayalaya Chola belonging to Pottapi Chola family in the second quarter of the ninth century to re-establish their dynasty as independent rulers by overthrowing Pallavas and Pandyas. According to Anbil plates ofParantaka Chola II, Vijayalaya Chola's predecessor isSrikantha Choladhiraja, a Telugu Pottapi Chola king. Vijayalaya Chola capturedTanjore from Pandyas and his descendants started ruling from there. UnderRaja Raja Chola I andRajendra Chola I, the empire expanded occupying south India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Malaysia and Indonesia. TheseImperial Cholas had marital alliances with Vengi Chalukyas. Kulottunga Chola I, the grandson ofRajendra Chola I and son of Eastern Chalukya kingRaja Raja Narendra became the Chola emperor in 1270 CE. Contemporarily several Telugu Chola families likeNellore Cholas,Velanati Cholas were ruling as subordinates ofImperial Cholas. After the fall of Imperial Cholas in 1279 CE, Nellore Cholas and Velanati Cholas became subordinates of Kakatiyas. Kakatiyas also claim descendant fromKarikala Chola.
| Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 12th - 18th centuries CE | |
| 1323 | TheDelhi Sultanate besieges andannexes Warangal, resulting in the end of theKakatiya dynasty. |
| 1326 | Musunuri Nayaks reclaim Telugu lands from the Delhi Sulatante. |
| 1518 | TheBahmani Sultanate disintegrates, and theGolconda Sultanate is established |
| 1687 | Mughal Invasion and end of theGolconda Sultanate |
| 1724 | The region is conquered byNizam-ul-Mulk. |
TheKakatiya dynasty rose to power during the 12th and 13th centuries. Initially vassals of theWestern Chalukyas ofKalyani, they held a small territory nearWarangal.Prola II of the Kakatiyas (1110–1158) extended his territory southwards and declared his independence, withHanumakonda as the capital. His successor, Prataparudra I (1158–1195), increased the holdings eastward to theGodavari delta. Prataparudra built Warangal as a second capital, and countered invasions by theSeunaYadavas ofDevagiri.
The next ruler, Mahadeva, extended the Kakatiyas kingdom to the coast before he was succeeded by Ganapati Deva in 1199. Ganapati Deva was the first ruler since theSatavahana dynasty to unite the Telugu lands. In 1210, Ganapati Deva defeated theVelanati Chodas and extended his empire north toAnakapalle.
RaniRudrama Devi (died 1289 or 1295), who defended the Kakatiya kingdom against the Cholas and theSeunaYadavas, is one of the few queens in Indian history. She was succeeded by her grandson, Prataparudra. Although his reign was characterized by battles against internal and external foes, Prataparudra expanded his kingdom west toRaichur and south toOngole and theNallamala Hills, all the way toKanchipuram. He introduced a number of administrative reforms, some of which were adopted in theVijayanagar empire.Muslim attacks began in 1310, and in 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty fell to theDelhi Sultanate.
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TheMusunuri Nayaks reclaimed the Telugu lands from the Delhi Sultanate and ruled them for fifty years.Hakka (Harihara) andBukka, treasury officers at the court ofPrataparudra, were inspired by the Musunuri Nayaks to organise Hindu opposition to Muslim invaders.[22]
Prataparudra was captured by the Muslims.[23] Two Telugus, Annaya Mantri and Kolani Rudradeva, united the Nayaks against the invaders. Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka of theMusunuri Nayaks was chosen as their leader.[24][25] By 1326, Prolaneedu had liberated Warangal.[26] Inspired by the victories of Prolaneedu and his cousin,Kaapaneedu, other states (includingKampili,Hoysala,Dwarasamudram andAraveedu) asserted their independence.[27]
Ulugh Khan captured Harihara and Bukka atWarangal. Converted to Islam, they were sent by the sultan to suppress the Hoysala ruler's rebellion. Instead, the brothers established theVijayanagara Empire. The Sultan led a large army south, but was halted by an epidemic and Nayak resistance. Kaapaneedu, with the assistance of the Hoysala, liberated Andhra Pradesh.[28]
In 1345 Muslim nobles rebelled againstMuhammad bin Tughluq inDevagiri, resulting in the foundation of theBahmani Sultanate by Hasan Gangu. He assumed the nameAlauddin Bahman Shah, and moved his capital toGulbarga in 1347. With raids and coercion, Singama of theRecherla Nayaks destabilised Alauddin's rule.Kapaya Nayaka forged a treaty with Alauddin and surrenderedKaulas Fort.[29] In 1351, Muhammad bin Tughluq died. Eight years later, Alauddin died and was succeeded byMohammed Shah. Kapaya Nayaka then sent his son, Vinayaka Deva, to liberateKaulas Fort andBhuvanagiri from the Bahmanis; Vijayanagar emperorBukka Raya assisted Deva in the campaign. Deva initially succeeded, but was eventually defeated, captured and killed.[29]
Kapaya Nayaka persisted, capturingGolconda and Warangal. In 1365, Golconda was chosen as the border between the Bahmani and Warangal kingdoms. Kapaya Nayaka was forced to pay reparations, including a turquoise throne, to Mohammed Shah.[29] In 1370 Anapota Nayaka of theRecherla Nayaks marched against Warangal as part of a Bahmani invasion, and Kapaya Nayaka died in the ensuing battle at Bhimavaram. With Kapaya Nayaka gone, the Bahmanis soon subjugated their allies and ruled Andhra.[30]
After the death of Pratapa Rudra II and the subsequent fall of the Kakatiya Empire, Prolaya Vema Reddi joined a confederacy of nobles headed byMusunuri Prolaya Nayaka to expel the Delhi Sultanate from Telugu areas.[31] Prolaya Vema Reddy established the Reddy kingdom. The Reddys ruled from present-daySrikakulam in the north to Kanchi in the south, most of the present-day Andhra andRayalaseema regions.[32][33][34][35] In his 1909 book,Castes and Tribes of Southern India,Edgar Thurston described the Reddys as village chiefs and listed them asKapu.[page needed]
The Reddy Kingdom (1326–1448) ruled portions of coastal Andhra Pradesh for over a century.[32][36][37][35][38][39][40][41] Prolaya Vema Reddy, was the first king of the Reddy dynasty.[42] The capital of the kingdom wasAddanki. It was moved to Kondavidu and then later toRajahmundry.[43] His reign was characterised by the restoration of peace, patronage of the arts and literature and broad development.[44]Errana, the translator of theMahabharata, lived during this period.
TheVijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara (Hakka) andBukka, who were treasury officers in the administration of theKakatiya dynasty or commanders ofHoysala's forces. When Warangal fell in 1323 the brothers were captured, taken to Delhi and converted to Islam. The Delhi Sultanate sent them to the Deccan as governors ofKampili in the hope that they could deal with the local revolt and invasions by neighboringHindu kings. Their first campaign was against neighboring Hoysala emperorVeera Ballala III ofDwarasamudra. The brothers later reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sageVidyaranya, and proclaimed independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Some, however, claim that the founders of the empire wereKannadigas stationed in theTungabhadra region under Veera Ballala III to fight off Muslim invaders.
Harihara I (r. 1336–1356) established his new capital,Vijayanagar, in an easily defended position south of theTungabhadra River. The empire reached its zenith underKrishnadevaraya in the early 16th century, and Telugu literature developed at this time. Vijayanagar monuments were built across South India, and inLepakshi,Tirupati andSri Kalahasti in Andhra Pradesh. The largest and best-known collection of such monuments is atHampi in present-dayKarnataka.
In 1323, Delhi sultan Ghiaz-ud-dinTughlaq sent a large army under his sonUlugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) to conquer the Telugu country and lay siege to Warangal, which was soon annexed and governed as "Tiling", a provinces of the Deccan. Their rule in Andhra lasted until the 1330s, when 72 nayaka chieftains from Andhra and Telangana rebelled and drove governorMalik Maqbul Tilangani out of Warangal. In 1347, after a revolt against theDelhi Sultanate, an independent Muslim state, theBahmani Sultanate, was established in South India byAla-ud-Din Bahman Shah whose successors gradually occupied the Andhra regions by 1471. By the end of the 15th century, the sultanate was plagued with factional strife. Five Shahi sultanates were founded, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty played a major role in the history of the Telugu country. The founder of the dynasty wasQuli Qutb Mulk, aShiaTurkmen fromHamadan inPersia. He first migrated toDelhi and then to the Deccan to serve under the Bahmani Sultanate, where he earned the titleQutb-ul-Mulk. Later, when the Bahmani Sultanate declined and was divided into fiveDeccan sultanates, he gained control over the south-eastern region and founded a sovereign kingdom. He adopted the title of Qutb Shah and his dynasty became known as theQutb Shahi dynasty.
Qutb Shah occupied the region ofVengi between the Krishna River and the Godavari River after the death ofPrataparudra Deva, theGajapati monarch who ruled the region. However, the advance of Quli Qutb Shah was stopped at the banks of the Godavari by the regional Gajapati Empire feudatoryVishwanath Dev Gajapati and a treaty was signed marking the river as the boundary between the two kingdoms. The treaty was engraved on a copper plate, now in theNizam Museum.[45] However, with the decline of the Gajapatis,Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah later rescinded the terms of the treaty and invadedKalinga in 1571 after the death of Vishwanath Dev, and defeated his son the new king, Maharaja Balaram Dev, enforcing a tributary status upon theNandapur Kingdom. The military conquests of Qutb Shahi Sultans led to the annexation of regions of southern Kalinga into their kingdom and the Sultanate prospered.[46] The rule of the Jeypore Kings over coastal Andhra came to an end when their feudatories of the region claimed independence in the rebellion of Balaram Dev III against his brother the king, Maharaja Ram Chandra Dev I, in 1711.[46] Some of those notable feudatories of Jeypore were -Kurupam,Chemudu,Madugula,Pachipenta,Araku, etc. However, coastal Andhra later became a part of theNizamate of Hyderabad until the arrival of the British.
In 1687,Aurangazeb invaded and annexed Golconda and appointed aNizam (governor). The Mughal Nizams controlled Andhra for about 35 years. In 1707 Aurangazeb died, and the Mughal regime weakened and lost control of the provinces. This enabled the BritishEast India Company and the FrenchCompagnie des Indes Orientales to consolidate power in India.
Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara empire, theQutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the present day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire.[47] In 1611, an English trading post by the name ofBritish East India Company was established inMachilipatnam on India's east coast.[48]Nizam of Hyderabad who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi independent ruler.[49]
In a 1753 decree, DeccansubedarAsif ad-Dawlah Mir Ali Salabat Jang cededChicacole,Ellore andRajahmundry to theMarquis de Bussy-Castelnau. An annual stipend of 200,000 rupees was paid to maintain French troops in thesubah; revenue in the Northern Circars amounted to one million rupees a year.Bussy had helpedSalabat Jang become subedar of the Deccan. The agreement between the French and Salabat Jang inAurangabad bears the signature of Said Loukshur, Salabat Jang's minister.Yanam was an important town during the French occupation of the Northern Circars.
In 1758, the French and English fought atChandurthi in present-dayGollaprolumandal ofEast Godavari district. The French were defeated by the British and Salabat Jang made a treaty with the British, giving them the Northern Circars in afirman.
TheNizam later rebelled against the English. The war ended with a second treaty; the Northern Circars remained under the control ofBritish India, and after 1760 the French lost their hold there and throughout South India.
In 1765, British LordRobert Clive obtained from the Mughal emperorShah Alam II a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1978 treaty with Nizam Ali with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by the Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region.[50] The local chieftains, known as Polygars, revolted against the company's rule, which was suppressed by the company.[51]
Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijayaram Raj) established asovereign kingdom by claiming independence from theKingdom of Jeypore in 1711. It formed alliances with theFrench and British East India companies to conquer the neighbouring principalities ofBobbili,Kurupam,Paralakhemundi, and the kingdom of Jeypore. It fell out with the British and, as a result, was attacked and defeated in thebattle of Padmanabham in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until its accession to theIndian Union in 1949.[52][46][53][54] Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of the present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India company rule as part ofMadras Presidency.[55]
The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as aprincely state, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. The provinces were governed in afeudal manner, withzamindars in areas such as Kulla and elsewhere in the Godavari acting as lords under the Nizam. The zamindari system was dismantled after independence.
After theIndian rebellion of 1857, the region became part ofBritish crown tillIndia became independent in 1947.[56] The No Tax campaign in Chirala and Perala in 1919,[57]the Rampa revolt in 1922[58] are some of the protests against British rule.
Anicut atDowleswaram built in 1850 byArthur Cotton[59] and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during the British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts.[60]Charles Philip Brown did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to the print era and introducedVemana poems to English readers.[61]Kandukuri Veeresalingam is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and prohibition of widow remarriage.[62]
| Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 1947 CE - present | |
| 1947 | Indiabecomes independent |
| 1953 | Andhra State is created by separating Telugu-speaking regions of theMadras State. |
| 1956 | According to theStates Reorganization Act, the Telugu-speaking regions ofHyderabad State and theAndhra State were merged to createAndhra Pradesh (United). |
| 2014 | Andhra Pradesh (United) is bifurcated intoTelangana andAndhra Pradesh. |
In 1947,India gained independence from the United Kingdom. Although theMuslimNizam of Hyderabad resisted, he wasforced to cede his state to India in 1948 to formHyderabad State. When India became independent, Telugu-speaking people (Urdu is spoken in some parts ofHyderabad and a few other districts of Hyderabad State) were distributed in 22 districts: nine in Hyderabad State, 12 in the Madras Presidency and one in French-controlledYanam. In 1953Andhra State was created from part of the Madras Presidency, the first state in India formed on a linguistic basis. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking area of Hyderabad State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Madras possessed Tamil and Telugu cultures. In the early 1920s,Madras Presidency Chief MinisterPanagal Raja said that theCooum River should be the boundary between the Andhra and Tamil regions. In 1953 Telugu speakers in the former Madras Presidency sought to make Madras the capital of Andhra Pradesh, adopting the sloganMadras manade ("Madras is ours"). However the city of Madras had 65 percentage of Tamil speakers as opposed to 27 percent Telugu speakers that time and Madras stayed with the Tamil state.
ActivistPotti Sriramulu advocated inclusion of the Telugu-speaking areas of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra in an Andhra state. He conducted ahunger strike until Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru promised to form an Andhra state. On 19 October 1952, when Nehru's promise had not been fulfilled, Sriramulu began fasting again at Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy's Madras home. The AndhraCongress committee disapproved of Sriramulu's hunger strike, but his action became widely known. He died shortly after midnight on 15 December 1952 at 126 Royapettah High Road,Mylapore, Madras, and the house has been preserved.
During Sriramulu's funeral procession, mourners praised his sacrifice. When the procession reachedMount Road, thousands of people joined it and raised banners hailing Sriramulu. Later, they began destroying public property. The news spread quickly, and seven people were killed by police gunfire inAnakapalle andVijayawada. The unrest continued for several days.
On 19 December 1952, Prime Minister Nehru announced the formation of a separate state for the Telugu-speaking people of theMadras Presidency. On 1 October 1953, eleven districts in the Telugu-speaking portion ofMadras State (Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema) voted to become Andhra State, withKurnool as their capital. Andhra KesariTanguturi Prakasam Pantulu became chief minister of the new Telugu state.
In December 1953, theStates Reorganisation Commission convened to create states on linguistic lines.[63] Due to public demand, the commission recommended abolishing Hyderabad State and merging itsMarathi-speaking region intoBombay State and itsKannada-speaking region intoMysore State.
TheStates Reorganisation Commission (SRC) discussed a merger of the Telugu-speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State and Andhra State. According to Paragraph 374 of the report, "The creation ofVishalandhra is an ideal to which numerous individuals and public bodies, both in Andhra and Telangana, have been passionately attached over a long period of time, and unless there are strong reasons to the contrary, this sentiment is entitled to consideration". AboutTelangana, paragraph 378 reads: "One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas". In its analysis, the SRC opposed an immediate merger. Paragraph 386 reads, "After taking all these factors into consideration we have come to the conclusion that it will be in the interests of Andhra as well as Telangana, if for the present, the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as the Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two thirds majority the legislature of the residuary Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of such unification". The central government, led by Nehru, merged Andhra State and Telangana to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 after ensuring safeguards to Telangana in the form of agentleman's agreement.
In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people ofMadras State,Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As the city of Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a committee withJawaharlal Nehru,Vallabhbhai Patel, andPattabhi Sitaramayya was constituted. The committee recommended that Andhra State could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim on the city of Madras (nowChennai). After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area ofAndhra State was carved out ofMadras State on 1 October 1953, withKurnool as its capital city.Tanguturi Prakasam became thefirst chief minister. On the basis of theGentlemen's Agreement of 1956, theStates Reorganisation Act createdAndhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of theHyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.[64] Hyderabad grew rapidly partly through investments flowing in from agrarian change and 'green revolution' in coastal Andhra.[65]
TheIndian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982.Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the firstchief minister. Among other chief ministers,P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing reservation for lower castes in politics.[66]Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, andSrisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.[67]
In 1983, theTelugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, andN. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier.[68] This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants.[69] The1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power withMarri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again.Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of theMLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both theassembly andLok Sabhaelections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh.[70] He introducede-governance by launchinge-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.[71]
In2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face,YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare schemes such as free electricity for farmers, health insurance, tuition fee reimbursement for the poor, and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. He took over the free emergency ambulance service initiated by a corporation and ran it as a government project. INC won the2009 elections under the leadership of YSR in April.[72] He was elected chief minister again but was killed in ahelicopter crash that occurred in September 2009. He was succeeded by CongressmenKonijeti Rosaiah andNallari Kiran Kumar Reddy; the latter resigned over the impending division of the state to formTelangana.[73]
During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatistmovements from Telangana (1969) andAndhra (1972) successfully.[74] A new party calledTelangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 byKalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telanganga movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death programme, the central government decided to initiate the process to form an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered theSamaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. TheSrikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010.[75] The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions.[76]
On 30 July 2013, theCongress Working Committee unanimously approved a resolution recommending the formation of a Telangana state. In February 2014, a bill was placed beforeParliament[77] TheAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 was passed, allowing the formation of a Telangana state of ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh despite opposition by the state legislature.[78][79] The bill received the assent of thepresident, and was published inThe Gazette of India on 1 March.[80] The bill included the provision to retainHyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period.[81] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[82] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from thepresident of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.[83] The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that ofAndhra State, except forBhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana.[84] A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before theSupreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[85]
In the final elections held in the unified state in2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, theYSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded byY. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy.N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[86] In 2017,the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital,Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.[87][88] Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.[89][90] In the2019 elections,Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, leader of theYSR Congress Party, became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats.[91] He resumed celebrating the state formation day on 1 November from 2019.[92][93] He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers’ system,[94] and reorganised the state with 26 districts.[95] Introduction of English as the medium of instruction in almost all the state schools, and the move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being the legislative capital, Vijag as the executive capital and Kurnool the judicial capital were stuck down by the high court. His government appealed to the supreme court.[96][97]
Amaravati is the legislative capital and thede factoseat of government ofAndhra Pradesh. The city is located on the banks of the Krishna River inGuntur district. Built on the southern banks of the Krishna River in the Guntur district, it was selected because it was close to the geographical center of the state.
Amaravati was founded by Andhra Pradesh Chief MinisterN. Chandrababu Naidu in 2014 as theGreenfield administrative capital city of the Andhra Pradesh state, and itsfoundation stone was laid atUddandarayunipalem by thePrime Minister of India,Narendra Modi on 22 October 2015.
The office of theChief Minister of Andhra Pradesh has operated fromVelagapudi since April 2016. TheAndhra Pradesh Legislature remained in Hyderabad until March 2017, when it relocated to newly constructed interim legislative buildings in Velagapudi.
Amaravati, formerly known asDhānyakatakam, is important in thecultural heritage andhistory ofAndhra Pradesh. Its history dates back to second century BCE, when it was the capital of theSatavahana Dynasty of theAndhras, one of the earliest Indian empires and the ancestral dynasty of Andhra Pradesh. The Satavahanas inaugurated theTelugu New Year festivalUgadi.
The city once aholy site ofMahayana Buddhism and had a largestupa known asAmaravati Stupa which later fell into ruins. It was the center of Buddhistlearning andart, visited by manybuddhist followers.Buddhist inscriptions,sculptures andGautam Buddha Statue remain. Buddhistrelics from the region were destroyed or exported to Chennai Museum and theBritish Museum during theBritish Raj and can be seen there today. TheAmaravati Marbles depict manyBuddhist art,inscriptions andbuddhist stupas. Along withNagarjuna Konda is viewed as one of the richestholy sites ofBuddhism in all of India.
The capital recorded its first-ever legislation 2,200 years ago. The capital region includesancient Amaravati. The area was ruled by the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Vishnukundina, Pallavas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate, Reddys, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and Mughal Empire successively before the founding of theNizam of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ceded to theKingdom of France in 1750 but was captured by the British in 1759. Guntur[clarification needed] returned to the Nizamate in 1768 but was ceded to Britain again in 1788. It was briefly occupied byHyder Ali, then ruled byVasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu. It was part of theMadras Presidency during the British colonial period.
Under theAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014,Hyderabad became the capital of the newly-formed state ofTelangana, post-bifurcation ofAndhra Pradesh. However, Hyderabad would remain as the joint capital of both states for a period not exceeding ten years. Hence, Amaravati is being built to serve as the capital of Andhra Pradesh.
The foundation for the city was laid atUddandarayunipalem on 22 October 2015. ThePrime Minister of India,Narendra Modi; theChief Minister of Andhra Pradesh,N. Chandrababu Naidu; theminister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation,Urban Development andInformation and BroadcastingMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu; then GovernorE. S. L. Narasimhan; the Japanese minister for economy trade and industry,Yosuke Takagi; and theSingaporean Minister for Trade and Industry,S. Iswaran, laid the foundation for the city.
Jeypore Estate Of Orissa
Jeypore Estate
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