Hispanic and Latino New Mexicans are residents of the state ofNew Mexico who are ofHispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 49.3% of the state's population.^[1]

New Mexico's Hispanic population is largelynative-born. Out of these, known asHispanos, many are descended from early Spanish-speaking colonists, and form a distinct cultural group.

The Spanish settlement began on July 11, 1598, when the explorer DonJuan de Oñate came north from Mexico City to New Mexico with 500 Spanish settlers and soldiers and a livestock of 7,000 animals. They foundedSan Juan de los Caballeros, the first Spanish settlement in what was called the Kingdom of New Mexico, after the Valley of Mexico.^[2] The colony grew steadily, although it was diminished by thePueblo revolt in 1680, which led to the murder of many Spaniards andNuevomexicanos.^[3] Comanches frequently attacked Spanish and other Native American settlements. The only colonial governor of New Mexico to achieve peace with the Comanches wasTomás Vélez Cachupín, who adminitered the province from 1749 to 1754 and 1762 to 1767.^[4] On the other hand, under several colonial governments of New Mexico, including Cachupin's, the appropriation of Amerindian lands by Spaniards or Nuevomexicanos was prohibited under penalty of imprisonment or fine.^[5]

The mainland part of New Spain won independence from Spain in 1821 and New Mexico became part of the new nation of Mexico. The new 'Mexican' elite attempted to create a common identity out of all the classes and different ethnicities. Nationalists attempted to establish equality, if only legally, between these different groups. The Spanish settlers of New Mexico and their descendants adapted to Mexican citizenship somewhat even though there was a great deal of tension during this period—as was the case in many places in early Mexico. In 1836, after theRepublic of Texas gained independence, Texas claimed part of the province of New Mexico, which was disputed by Mexico. In 1841, the Texans sent an expedition to occupy the area, but the expedition was captured by Mexican troops.^[6] Despite this, western Spanish New Mexico was eventually annexed by Texas.

The U.S. won theMexican–American War (1846–1848) and in theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico ceded to the U.S. the northwestern Mexico (present-day southwestern USA), including most of present-day New Mexico. On June 8, 1854, the United States bought 29,670-square-mile of land from Mexico. This purchase, calledGadsden Purchase, consisted of the present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Since its incorporation into the US, many Hispanics, mostly Mexicans, have migrated to New Mexico to improve their social conditions and provide better education for their children.

In January 1912, after decades of colonial status, New Mexico became an American state, andAnglophones eventually became the majority population but census documents indicate that Spanish and English remained about equal in usage through the 1960s. The state today still has the highest percentage of Spanish-speakers of any state.

The Nuevomexicanos became an economically disadvantaged population in the state, becoming virtual second-class citizens compared with the Anglos. The Nuevomexicanos suffered discrimination from Anglophone Americans, who also questioned the loyalty of these new American citizens. The cultures of Nuevomexicanos and immigrant Anglophones eventually mixed to some degree, as was the case with immigrants in other parts of the United States.^[7][8]

Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic ancestry, at 47 percent (as of July 1, 2012), includingdescendants of Spanishcolonists and recent immigrants fromHispanic America.

Women make up approximately 51% of the population.^[9] 83% of New Mexico's Hispanics were native-born and 17% foreign-born.^[10] Many Hispanics in New Mexico claim a Spanish ancestry, especially in the northern part of the state. These people are the descendants of Spanish-speaking colonists who arrived during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, often referred to asHispanos.

According to the2000 U.S. census, 28.76% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home.^[11] Speakers of TraditionalNew Mexican Spanish dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish-speakingcolonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.^[12]

According to the2000 United States census,^[13]: 6two of the top five most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were:,

• Mexican (16.3%)
• Spanish (9.3%)

The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish;^[17] this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943.^[18] Nonetheless, the constitution does not declare any language as "official."^[19] While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages.^[18] Others, such as Juan Perea, claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953.^[20]

With regard to the judiciary, witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury-duty as do speakers of English.^[19][21] In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students arehispanophone.^[19]

In 1995, the state adopted a State Bilingual Song,New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México.^{[22]: 75, 81}

New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.

Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary.^[23] In addition, it contains many words fromNahuatl. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from thePueblo languages of the upperRio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English.^[23] Grammatical changes include changes in verb endings, particularly in thepreterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.^[24]

New Mexico	Number of people of Mexican Origin (1900–1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in New Mexico[32][33][34][35][a]	+% of Population of Mexican Origin (1900–1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in New Mexico[32][33][34][35]
1850	Variable estimates: 47,000[36] - 52,930 - 60,000 (Spanish-speaking)[37]	86%
1860	84,164	90%[27]
1870	N/A	N/A
1880	N/A	N/A
1890	N/A	N/A
1900	117,186	60%[38]
1910	225,837	6.9%
1920	353,014	9.8%
1930	643,044	15.2%
1940	221 881	41.7%
1950	248,633	36.5%
1960	269,139	28.3%
1970	379,723 (15% sample)	37.4%
1980	477 222	36.6%
1990	579 224	38.2%
2000	765,386	42.1%
2010	953,403	46.3%
2020	1,010,811	47.7%

• Hispanos of New Mexico

• Hispanic and Latino American culture in New Mexico
• Hispanic and Latino American history by state

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