Ahippie, also spelledhippy,[1] especially in British English,[2] is someone associated with thecounterculture of the mid-1960s to early 1970s, originally a youth movement that began in the United States and spread to different countries around the world.[3] The wordhippie came fromhipster and was used to describebeatniks[4] who moved into New York City'sGreenwich Village, San Francisco'sHaight-Ashbury district, Los Angeles'Laurel Canyon, and Chicago'sOld Town community. The termhippie was used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularize use of the term in the media, although the tag was seen elsewhere earlier.[5][6]
Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencingpopular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, mainstream society has assimilated many aspects of hippie culture. The religious andcultural diversity the hippies espoused has gained widespread acceptance, and their pop versions ofEastern philosophy and Asiatic spiritual concepts have reached a larger group. Those who participated in the hippie movement at its height were those born during or shortly afterWorld War II, during the 1940s and early 1950s. These were the youngest of theSilent Generation and oldest of theBaby Boomers; the former who were the actual leaders of the movement as well as the early pioneers ofrock music.[16]
LexicographerJesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of theOxford English Dictionary, argues that the termshipster andhippie are derived from the wordhip, whose origins are unknown.[17] The wordhip in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon byTad Dorgan,[18] and first appeared in prose in a 1904 novel byGeorge Vere Hobart[19] (1867–1926),Jim Hickey: A Story of the One-Night Stands, where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?"
The termhipster was coined byHarry Gibson in 1944.[20] By the 1940s, the termship,hep andhepcat were popular in Harlemjazz slang, althoughhep eventually came to denote an inferior status tohip.[21] InGreenwich Village in the early 1960s,New York City, youngcounterculture advocates were namedhips because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to beingsquare, meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue ofThe Village Voice, "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior. In a 1961 essay,Kenneth Rexroth used both the termshipster andhippies to refer to young people participating in black American orBeatnik nightlife.[22] According toMalcolm X's 1964 autobiography, the wordhippie in 1940sHarlem had been used to describe aspecific type of white man who "acted moreNegro than Negroes".[23]Andrew Loog Oldham refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly about black blues/R&B musicians, in his rearsleeve notes to the 1965 LPThe Rolling Stones, Now!
Although the wordhippies made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared in the article "A New Paradise forBeatniks" (in theSan Francisco Examiner, issue of September 5, 1965) by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe (coffeehouse) (located at 1927 Hayes Street in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco), using the termhippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved fromNorth Beach into theHaight-Ashbury district.[24][25]
A July 1967Time magazine study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as thesadhu of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by takingSannyasa. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers likeDiogenes of Sinope and thecynics were also early forms of hippie culture.[26] It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings ofBuddha,Hillel the Elder,Jesus,St. Francis of Assisi,Henry David Thoreau,Gandhi andJ. R. R. Tolkien.[26]
The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at the end of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered on "German folk music". Known asDer Wandervogel ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizingfolk music and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping.[27] Inspired by the works ofGoethe,Friedrich Nietzsche, andHermann Hesse, Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for thepagan, back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.[28] During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened the firsthealth food stores, and many moved tosouthern California where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel.[29] Songwritereden ahbez wrote a hit song calledNature Boy inspired by Robert Bootzin (Gypsy Boots), who helped popularize health-consciousness,yoga, andorganic food in the United States.
Beatniks posing in front of a piece of beatnik art, 1959. TheBeat Generation are seen as a predecessor to the hippie movement
The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old,[30][31] hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent frombohemians andbeatniks of theBeat Generation in the late 1950s.[31] Beats likeAllen Ginsberg crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie andanti-war movements. By 1965, hippies had become an establishedsocial group in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,[32][33] extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan,Mexico, and Brazil.[34] The hippie ethos influencedthe Beatles and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.[35] Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion ofrock music,folk,blues, andpsychedelic rock; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts,fashion, and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, andalbum covers.[36] In 1968, "core visible hippies" represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population[37] and dwindled away by mid-1970s.[32]
Escapin' through the lily fields I came across an empty space It trembled and exploded Left a bus stop in its place The bus came by and I got on That's when it all began There was cowboy Neal At the wheel Of a bus to never-ever land
In 1961, although being closely associated to theL.A. freak scene,Vito Paulekas and his wife Szou established inHollywood a clothing boutique which was credited with being one of the first to introduce "hippie" fashion as well as a brand of free-form dancing that would become associated with hippie culture. Vito would also provide rehearsal space forthe Byrds andLove, as well as helping bring attention to them by inviting his dance troupe to invade their concerts, they would later accompanythe Byrds on a nationwide tour.[47][48][49][50]
During this periodGreenwich Village in New York City andBerkeley, California anchored the American folk music circuit.
Berkeley's two coffee houses, "the Cabale Creamery" and "the Jabberwock", sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.[51]
In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,[52] established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night Native Americanpeyote ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined apsychedelic experience with traditionalNative American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the "Red Dog Saloon" in the isolated, old-time mining town ofVirginia City, Nevada.[53]
During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.[53] He and his cohorts created at this very place what became known as "The Red Dog Experience", featuring previously unknown musical acts—Grateful Dead,Jefferson Airplane,Big Brother and the Holding Company,Quicksilver Messenger Service,the Charlatans, and others—who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Nevada, Virginia City's "Red Dog Saloon". There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.[54] Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with theirlong hair, boots, and outrageous clothing of 19th-century American (and Native American) heritage.[53] LSD manufacturerOwsley Stanley lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the "Red Dog Saloon", the Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD.[55]
When they returned to San Francisco, "Red Dog" participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman andAlton Kelley created a collective called "the Family Dog."[53] Modeled on their "Red Dog experiences", on October 16, 1965, the "Family Dog" hosted "A Tribute to Dr. Strange" at Longshoreman's Hall.[56] Attended by approximately one thousand of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's firstpsychedelic rock performance, costumed dance and light show, featuringJefferson Airplane,the Great Society and the Marbles.[57] Two other events followed before year's end, one at "California Hall" and one at "the Matrix".[53] After the first three "Family Dog" events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's "Longshoreman's Hall". Called the "Trips Festival", it took place on January 21 – 23, 1966, and was organized byStewart Brand,Ken Kesey,Owsley Stanley and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.[58] On Saturday January 22, theGrateful Dead andBig Brother and the Holding Company came on stage, and six thousand people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.[59]
It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving forrealization of one'srelationship to life and other people...
By February 1966, the "Family Dog" became "Family Dog Productions" under organizerChet Helms, promoting happenings at theAvalon Ballroom and theFillmore Auditorium in initial cooperation withBill Graham. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original "Red Dog" light shows, perfected his art ofliquid light projection, which combined light shows and film projection and becamesynonymous with the "San Francisco ballroom experience".[53][61] The sense of style and costume that began at the "Red Dog Saloon" flourished whenSan Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. AsSan Francisco Chronicle music columnistRalph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."[53]
Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students atSan Francisco State College[62] who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.[53] These students joined the bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensiveVictorian apartments in theHaight-Ashbury.[63] Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.[64]the Charlatans,Jefferson Airplane,Big Brother and the Holding Company, and theGrateful Dead all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered on theDiggers, a guerrilla streettheatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, andart happenings in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966,the Diggers openedfree stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[65]
On October 6, 1966, the state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal.[66] In response to the criminalization of LSD, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in theGolden Gate Park panhandle, called theLove Pageant Rally,[66] attracting an estimated 700–800 people.[67] As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of theSan Francisco Oracle, the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal—and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."[68]
InWest Hollywood,California, theSunset Strip curfew riots, also known as the "hippie riots", were a series of earlycounterculture-era clashes that took place between police and young people in 1966 and continuing on and off through the early 1970s. In 1966, annoyed residents and business owners in the district had encouraged the passage of strict (10:00 p.m.)curfew andloitering laws to reduce the traffic congestion resulting from crowds of young club patrons.[69] This was perceived by young, local rock music fans as an infringement on theircivil rights, and on Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed along the Strip inviting people to demonstrate later that day. Hours before the protest one of the rock 'n' roll radio stations in L.A. announced there would be a rally atPandora's Box, a club at the corner ofSunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights, and cautioned people to tread carefully.[70] TheLos Angeles Times reported that as many as 1,000 youthful demonstrators, including such celebrities asJack Nicholson andPeter Fonda (who was afterward handcuffed by police), erupted in protest against the perceived repressive enforcement of these recently invoked curfew laws.[69] This incident provided the basis for the 1967 low-budget teenexploitation filmRiot on Sunset Strip, and inspired multiple songs including the famousBuffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth".[71]
1967: Human Be-In, Summer of Love, and popularity surge
Junction of Haight and Ashbury Streets, San Francisco, celebrated as the central location of the Summer of Love
On January 14, 1967, the outdoorHuman Be-In organized byMichael Bowen[72] helped to popularize hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 to 30,000 hippies gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
Scott McKenzie's rendition ofJohn Phillips' song "San Francisco" became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name "Flower Children". Bands like theGrateful Dead,Big Brother and the Holding Company (withJanis Joplin), andJefferson Airplane lived in the Haight.
According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder.
In June 1967,Herb Caen was approached by "a distinguished magazine"[76] to write about why hippies were attracted to San Francisco. He declined the assignment but interviewed hippies in the Haight for his own newspaper column in theSan Francisco Chronicle. Caen determined that, "Except in their music, they couldn't care less about the approval of the straight world."[76] Caen himself felt that the city of San Francisco was so straight that it provided a visible contrast with hippie culture.[76]
On July 7, 1967Time magazine featured a cover story entitled "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code:
Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun.
“It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967.[78][79] The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the ‘hippie’ label.[80][81] With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti‑work, pro‑drug, and permissive ethos.[82][83]
In 1967Chet Helms brought the Haight Ashbury hippie and psychedelic scene toDenver, when he openedthe Family Dog Denver, modeled on hisAvalon Ballroom in San Francisco. The music venue created a nexus for the hippie movement in the western-minded Denver, which led to serious conflicts with city leaders, parents and the police, who saw the hippie movement as dangerous. The resulting legal actions and pressure caused Helms and Bob Cohen to close the venue at the end of that year.[86]
By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The incessant media coverage ledthe Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.[87][88][89] According to poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in thePanhandle to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. None of these trends reflected what the hippies had envisioned.[90] By the end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. BeatleGeorge Harrison had once visited Haight-Ashbury and found it to be just a haven for dropouts, inspiring him to give up LSD.[91] Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to substance use and lenient morality, fueled themoral panics of the late 1960s.[92]
By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populousbaby boomer generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art and literature, not just in the United States, but around the world.Eugene McCarthy's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing longer skirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippy adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells.
People commonly label other cultural movements of that period as hippie, but there are differences. For example, hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as contrasted with "Yippies" (Youth International Party), an activist organization. TheYippies came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took overGrand Central Terminal in New York—eventually resulting in 61 arrests. Especially their leadersAbbie Hoffman andJerry Rubin, the Yippies became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "Lyndon Pigasus Pig" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.[94]
InCambridge, Massachusetts hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Common with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the United States, the Hippie movement started to be seen as part of the "New Left", which was associated with anti-war college-campus protest movements.[95] The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference toactivists,educators,agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs[95] in contrast to earlier leftist orMarxist movements that had taken a morevanguardist approach to social justice and focused mostly onlabor unionization and questions ofsocial class.[96][97]
In April 1969, the building ofPeople's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. TheUniversity of California, Berkeley had demolished all the buildings on a 2.8-acre (11,000 m2) parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when GovernorRonald Reagan ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by theCalifornia National Guard.[98][99]Flower power came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts ofcivil disobedience to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let a Thousand Parks Bloom".
Swami Satchidananda giving the opening talk at the Woodstock Festival of 1969
In December 1969, a rock festival took place inAltamont, California, about 45 km (30 miles) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was theAltamont Free Concert. About 300,000 people gathered to hearthe Rolling Stones;Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young;Jefferson Airplane and other bands. TheHells Angels provided security that proved far less benevolent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-oldMeredith Hunter was stabbed and killed by one of the Hells Angels during the Rolling Stones' performance after he brandished a gun and waved it toward the stage.[102]
Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings byNational Guardsmen atJackson State University andKent State University still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song byQuicksilver Messenger Service "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down", as well asNeil Young's "Ohio", a song that protested the Kent State massacre, recorded byCrosby, Stills, Nash and Young. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the1971 May Day Protests as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington, D.C.; President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the hippie protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in January 1973.
1973–present: Absorption into the mainstream and new developments
A group of hippies inTallinn, 1989Couple attending Snoqualmie Moondance Festival, August 1993
Many hippies would adapt and become members of the growing counterculturalNew Age movement of the 1970s.[112] While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, self-centered consumeryuppie culture.[113][114] Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found inbohemian enclaves around the world.[34] Hippie communes, where members tried to live the ideals of the hippie movement, continued to flourish. On the West Coast, Oregon had quite a few,[115] while in 1970, the hippie community ofTawapa was founded inNew Mexico.[116] It lasted until the 1990s, when the people were pushed off the land due tohousing developments.[117] Around 1994, a new term, "Zippie", was being used to describe hippies that had embracedNew Age beliefs, new technology, and a love for electronic music.[118]
The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "Beat Generation" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting."[119] The entire tone of thenew subculture was different. Jon McIntire, manager of the Grateful Dead from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s, points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection ofjoy. "The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold."[120] Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find newmeaning in life. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the "straight" and "square" (i.e., conformist) segments of society.[121]Personality traits and values that hippies tend to be associated with are "altruism andmysticism,honesty,joy andnonviolence".[122]
Leading proponents of the 1960s Psychedelic Art movement were San Francisco poster artists such asRick Griffin,Victor Moscoso,Bonnie MacLean,Stanley Mouse andAlton Kelley, andWes Wilson. Their psychedelic-rock concert posters were inspired byArt Nouveau,Victoriana,Dada, andPop Art. Posters for concerts in theFillmore West, a concert auditorium in San Francisco, popular with hippie audiences, were among the most notable of the time. Richly saturated colors in glaring contrast, elaborately ornate lettering, strongly symmetrical composition, collage elements, rubber-like distortions, and bizarre iconography are all hallmarks of the San Francisco psychedelic poster art style. The style flourished from roughly the years 1966 until 1972. Their work was immediately influential to album cover art, and indeed all of the aforementioned artists also created album covers.
Psychedeliclight shows were a new art form developed for rock concerts. Using oil and dye in an emulsion that was set between large convex lenses upon overhead projectors, the light-show artists created bubbling liquid visuals that pulsed in rhythm to the music. This was mixed with slide shows and film loops to create an improvisational motion picture art form, and to give visual representation to the improvisational jams of the rock bands and create a completely "trippy" atmosphere for the audience.[citation needed]The Brotherhood of Light were responsible for many of the light shows in San Francisco psychedelic rock concerts.
Out of the psychedelic counterculture there also arose a new genre of comic books:underground comix.Zap Comix was among the original underground comics, and featured the work ofRobert Crumb,S. Clay Wilson, Victor Moscoso,Rick Griffin, andRobert Williams among others. Underground comix were ribald and intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness.Gilbert Shelton created perhaps the most enduring of underground cartoon characters,The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, whose drugged-out exploits held a mirror up to the hippie lifestyle of the 1960s.
As in other counterculture movements such as the beat movement and the laterpunk movement, hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either "low" or "primitive" cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, oftenvagrant style.[123] As with other adolescent, white middle-class movements,deviant behavior of the hippies involved challenging the prevailinggender differences of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,[124] and both genders wore sandals, moccasins or wentbarefoot.[64] Men often wore beards,[125] while women wore little or no makeup, with many goingbraless.[64] Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusualstyles, such asbell-bottom pants, vests,tie-dyed garments,dashikis,peasant blouses, and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing withNative American,Latin American, African and Asiatic motifs was also popular. Much hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.[125] Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands,long beaded necklaces, and circularJohn Lennon style glasses.[64] Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated withpsychedelic art. The bold colors, hand-made clothing and loose fitting clothes opposed the tight and uniform clothing of the 1940s and 1950s. It also rejected consumerism in that the hand-production of clothing called for self-efficiency and individuality.[126]
Oz number 28, also known as the "Schoolkids issue of Oz", which was the main cause of a 1971 high-profile obscenity case in the United Kingdom.Oz was a UK underground publication with a general hippie / counter-cultural point of view.
The common stereotype on the issues of love and sex had it that the hippies were "promiscuous, having wild sex orgies, seducing innocent teenagers and every manner of sexual perversion."[127] The hippie movement appeared concurrently in the midst of a risingsexual revolution, in which many views of thestatus quo on this subject were being challenged.
The clinical studyHuman Sexual Response was published byMasters and Johnson in 1966, and the topic suddenly became more commonplace in America. The 1969 bookEverything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask) by psychiatristDavid Reuben was a more popular attempt at answering the public's curiosity regarding such matters. Then in 1972 appearedThe Joy of Sex byAlex Comfort, reflecting an even more candid perception of love-making. By this time, the recreational or 'fun' aspects of sexual behavior were being discussed more openly than ever before, and this more 'enlightened' outlook resulted not just from the publication of such new books as these, but from a more pervasive sexual revolution that had already been well underway for some time.[127]
The hippies inherited various countercultural views and practices regarding sex and love from theBeat Generation; "their writings influenced the hippies to open up when it came to sex, and to experiment without guilt orjealousy."[128] One popular hippie slogan that appeared was "If it feels good, do it!"[127] which for many meant "you are free to love whomever you please, whenever you please, however you please". This encouraged spontaneous sexual activity and experimentation.Group sex,public sex,homosexuality; under the influence of drugs, all the taboos went out the window. This doesn't mean that straight sex ormonogamy were unknown, quite the contrary. Nevertheless, theopen relationship became an accepted part of the hippie lifestyle. This meant that you might have a primary relationship with one person, but if another attracted you, you could explore that relationship without rancor or jealousy."[127]
Hippies embraced the old slogan offree love of the radical social reformers of other eras; it was accordingly observed that "Free love made the whole love, marriage, sex, baby package obsolete. Love was no longer limited to one person, you could love anyone you chose. In fact love was something you shared with everyone, not just your sex partners. Love exists to be shared freely. We also discovered the more you share, the more you get! So why reserve your love for a select few? This profound truth was one of the great hippie revelations."[127] Sexual experimentation alongside psychedelics also occurred, due to the perception of their being uninhibitors.[129] Others exploredthe spiritual aspects of sex.[130]
Hippies tended to travel light, and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time. Whether at alove-in onMount Tamalpais near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, or one ofKen Kesey's "Acid Tests", if the "vibe" was not right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Planning was eschewed, as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted greater freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s.[131] This way of life is still seen amongRainbow Family groups,new age travellers and New Zealand'shousetruckers.[132]
Hippie Truck interior
A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were the hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on a truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle, as documented in the 1974 bookRoll Your Own.[133] Some of these mobile houses were quite elaborate, with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities.
On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around theRenaissance Faires that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances, and attended booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was theWoodstock Festival nearBethel, New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969, which drew between 400,000 and 500,000 people.[134][135]
One travel experience, undertaken by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969 and 1971, was theHippie trail overland route to India. Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe toAthens and on toIstanbul, then by train through central Turkey viaErzurum, continuing by bus into Iran, viaTabriz andTehran toMashhad, across the Afghan border intoHerat, through southern Afghanistan viaKandahar toKabul, over theKhyber Pass into Pakistan, viaRawalpindi andLahore to the Indian frontier. Once in India, hippies went to many different destinations, but gathered in large numbers on the beaches ofGoa andKovalam inTrivandrum (Kerala),[136] or crossed the border into Nepal to spend months inKathmandu. In Kathmandu, most of the hippies hung out in the tranquil surroundings of a place called Freak Street[137] (Nepal Bhasa: Jhoo Chhen), which still exists near Kathmandu Durbar Square.
Many hippies rejected mainstream organized religion in favor of a more personal spiritual experience. Buddhism and Hinduism often resonated with hippies, as they were seen as less rule-bound, and less likely to be associated with existing baggage.[138] Some hippies embracedneo-paganism, especiallyWicca. Others were involved with the occult, with people likeTimothy Leary citingAleister Crowley as influences. By the 1960s, western interest in Hindu spirituality andyoga reached its peak, giving rise to a great number ofNeo-Hindu schools specifically advocated to a western public.[139]
In his 1991 book, "Hippies and American Values",Timothy Miller described the hippie ethos as essentially a "religious movement" whose goal was to transcend the limitations of mainstream religious institutions. "Like many dissenting religions, the hippies were enormously hostile to the religious institutions of the dominant culture, and they tried to find new and adequate ways to do the tasks the dominant religions failed to perform."[140] In his seminal, contemporaneous work, "The Hippie Trip", author Lewis Yablonsky notes that those who were most respected in hippie settings were the spiritual leaders, the so-called "high priests" who emerged during that era.[141]
Timothy Leary, family and band on a lecture tour at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1969
One such hippie "high priest" was San Francisco State University ProfessorStephen Gaskin. Beginning in 1966, Gaskin's "Monday Night Class" eventually outgrew the lecture hall, and attracted 1,500 hippie followers in an open discussion of spiritual values, drawing from Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu teachings. In 1970 Gaskin founded a Tennessee community calledThe Farm, and even late in life he still listed his religion as "Hippie."[142][143][144]
The English magicianAleister Crowley became an influential icon to the new alternative spiritual movements of the decade as well as for rock musicians. The Beatles included him as one ofthe many figures on the cover sleeve of their 1967 albumSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, whileJimmy Page, the guitarist ofthe Yardbirds and co-founder of 1970s rock bandLed Zeppelin, was fascinated by Crowley, and owned some of his clothing, manuscripts and ritual objects, and during the 1970s boughtBoleskine House, which appears in the band's 1976 filmThe Song Remains the Same. On the back cover ofthe Doors 1970 compilation album13, Jim Morrison and the other members of the Doors are shown posing with a bust of Aleister Crowley.Timothy Leary also openly acknowledged Crowley's inspiration.[148]
After the hippie era, the Dudeistphilosophy and lifestyle developed. Inspired by "the Dude", the neo-hippie protagonist of theCoen Brothers' 1998 filmThe Big Lebowski, Dudeism's stated primary objective is to promote a modern form of ChineseTaoism, outlined inTao Te Ching byLaozi (6th century BC), blended with concepts by the Ancient Greek philosopherEpicurus (341–270 BC), and presented in a style as personified by the character of Jeffrey "the Dude" Lebowski, a fictional hippie character portrayed byJeff Bridges in the film.[149] Dudeism has sometimes been regarded as amock religion,[150][151] though its founder and many adherents regard it seriously.[152][153][154]
For the historian of theanarchist movementRonald Creagh, the hippie movement could be considered as the last spectacular resurgence ofutopian socialism.[155] For Creagh, a characteristic of this is the desire for the transformation of society not through political revolution, or through reformist action pushed forward by the state, but through the creation of a counter-society of asocialist character in the midst of the current system, which will be made up of ideal communities of a more or lesslibertarian social form.[155]
Thepeace symbol was developed in the UK as a logo for theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protesters during the 1960s. Hippies were oftenpacifists, and participated innonviolent political demonstrations, such asCivil Rights Movement, themarches on Washington, D.C., andanti–Vietnam War demonstrations, includingdraft-card burnings and the1968 Democratic National Convention protests.[156] The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were active in peace demonstrations, to the more anti-authority street theater and demonstrations of theYippies, the most politically active hippie sub-group.[157]Bobby Seale discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies withJerry Rubin, who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."[158]
In addition to nonviolent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "teach-ins" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.[159]
Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", which helped to inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 onward. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang in 2002 at the 20th anniversary of the dedication of theVietnam Veterans Memorial.[160] Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought.
Tahquitz Canyon, Palm Springs, California, 1969, sharing a joint
The San Francisco group known asthe Diggers articulated an influential radical criticism of contemporary mass consumer society, and so they openedfree stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[65] The Diggers took their name from the originalEnglish Diggers (1649–50) led byGerrard Winstanley,[162] and they sought to create a mini-societyfree of money and capitalism.[163]
Such activism was ideally carried throughanti-authoritarian andnon-violent means; thus it was observed that "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom... Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe."[164]
The political ideals of hippies influenced other movements, such asanarcho-punk,rave culture,green politics,stoner culture and theNew Age movement. Arguments can be made that being "woke" is only the latest natural offshoot of hipness, since both seek heightened "awareness" of one's surroundings (social, political, sexual etc.). For example, John Leland elaborates on the origins of coded language from African American slaves as a type of aware hipness and documents connections to downtrodden Jews and other minorities in American society inHip: The History.[165]Penny Rimbaud of the English anarcho-punk bandCrass said in interviews, and in an essay calledThe Last of the Hippies, that Crass was formed in memory of his friendWally Hope.[166] Crass had its roots inDial House, which was established in 1967 as a commune.[167] Somepunks were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass,Jello Biafra was influenced by the hippie movement, and cited the yippies as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he also wrote songs critical of hippies.[168][169]
Following in the footsteps of the Beats, many hippies usedcannabis (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They used drugs such as marijuana,LSD,psilocybin mushrooms, or magic mushrooms, and mescaline (peyote) to gain spiritual awakening.
On theWest Coast of the United States,Ken Kesey was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "Acid Tests", and touring the country with his band ofMerry Pranksters, Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. TheGrateful Dead (originally billed as the Warlocks) played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."[171] Harder drugs, such ascocaine,amphetamines and heroin, were also sometimes used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were often disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.[172]
Newcomers to the Internet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a kind of cultural Brigadoon - a flowering remnant of the '60s, when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution...
"The '60s were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, the Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dalí, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves."
The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate Western society.[175] In general, unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval.[108][176] Frankness regardingsexual matters has become more common, and the rights ofhomosexual,bisexual andtransgender people, as well as people who choose not to categorize themselves at all, have expanded.[177] Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance.[178]
Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before.[179] Some of the little hippiehealth food stores of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and other nutritional supplements.[180]It has been suggested that 1960s and 1970s counterculture embraced certain types of "groovy" science and technology. Examples includesurfboard design,renewable energy,aquaculture and client-centered approaches tomidwifery,childbirth, andwomen's health.[181][182]AuthorsStewart Brand andJohn Markoff argue that the development and popularization of personal computers and theInternet find one of their primary roots in the anti-authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.[173][183]
Distinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide.[125][184] During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity, have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.[184][185] Hippies also inspired the decline in popularity of thenecktie and other business clothing, which had been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early 1960s. Additionally, hippie fashion itself has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly thepeace symbol.[186]Astrology, including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.[187] The generation of the 1970s became influenced by the hippie and the 1960s countercultural legacy. As such inNew York City musicians and audiences from the female, homosexual, Black, and Latino communities adopted several traits from the hippies andpsychedelia. They included overpowering sound, free-form dancing, multi-colored, pulsating lighting, colorful costumes, andhallucinogens.[188][189][190] 1960sPsychedelic soul groups likethe Chambers Brothers and especiallySly and the Family Stone influenced George Clinton,P-funk andthe Temptations.[191] In addition, the perceived positivity, lack of irony, and earnestness of the hippies informed proto-disco music likeM.F.S.B.'s albumLove Is the Message.[188][192] Disco music supported the '70s LGBT movement.
The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of books reflecting the hippie experience, such asThe Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.[193] In 1995,The Sekhmet Hypothesis attempted to link both hippie and rave culture together in relation to transactional analysis, suggesting that rave culture was a social archetype based on the mood of friendly strength, compared to the gentle hippie archetype, based on friendly weakness.[194] The later electronic dance genres known asgoa trance andpsychedelic trance and its related events and culture have important hippie legacies and neo hippie elements. The popular DJ of the genreGoa Gil, like other hippies from the 1960s, left the US and Western Europe to travel on thehippie trail and later developed psychedelic parties and music in the Indian state ofGoa, in which the goa and psytrance genres were born and exported around the world in the 1990s and 2000s.[195]
In music, thefolk rock andpsychedelic rock popular among hippies evolved into genres such asacid rock,world beat andheavy metal music.Psychedelic trance (also known as psytrance) is a type ofelectronic music influenced by 1960s psychedelic rock. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey'sAcid Tests, where theGrateful Dead played tripping onLSD and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of theDeadhead community, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995.Phish and their fans (calledPhish Heads) operated in the same manner, with the band touring continuously between 1983 and 2004. Many contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are calledjam bands, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s.[196]
With the demise of Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called theBonnaroo Music & Arts Festival, which premiered in 2002. TheOregon Country Fair is a three-day festival featuring handmade crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annualStarwood Festival, founded in 1981, is a seven-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons.[197]
TheBurning Man festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in theBlack Rock Desert northeast ofReno, Nevada. Although few participants would accept thehippie label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005, 50,000+ in 2011), with elaborate encampments, displays, and manyart cars. Other events that enjoy a large attendance include theRainbow Family Gatherings, theGathering of the Vibes, Community Peace Festivals, and theWoodstock Festivals.
In the UK and Europe, the years 1987 until 1989 were marked by a large-scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement, composed mostly of people aged 18 to 25, adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love, peace and freedom. The summer of 1988 became known as theSecond Summer of Love. Although the music favored by this movement was modernelectronic music, especiallyhouse music andacid house, one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in thechill out rooms atraves. Also, there was a trend towards psychedelic indie rock in the form ofshoegaze,dream pop,Madchester andneo-psychedelic bands likeJesus And Mary Chain,the Sundays,Spacemen 3,Loop,Stone Roses,Happy Mondays,Inspiral Carpets andRide. This was effectively a parallel soundtrack to the rave scene that was rooted as much in 1960s psychedelic rock as it was inpost-punk, though Madchester was more directly influenced by acid house, funk and northern soul. Many ravers were originally soul boys andfootball casuals, andfootball hooliganism declined after the Second Summer of Love. In the UK, many of the well-known figures of this movement first lived communally inStroud Green, an area of north London located inFinsbury Park.
In 2002, photojournalist John Bassett McCleary published a 650-page, 6,000-entry unabridgedslang dictionary devoted to the language of the hippies titledThe Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was revised and expanded to 700 pages in 2004.[199][200] McCleary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the English language by borrowing from the lexicon of theBeat Generation, through the hippies' shortening of beatnik words and then popularizing their usage.[201]
As a hippie,Ken Westerfield helped to popularize the alternative sport ofFrisbee in the 1960s–1970s, that has become today'sdisc sports
Hippies at theNambassa 1981 Festival in New Zealand
Goa Gil, original 1960s hippie who later became a pioneering electronic dance music DJ and party organizer, here appearing in the 2001 filmLast Hippie Standing
^Kilgallen, Dorothy (June 11, 1963),Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway, Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette, retrievedJuly 10, 2014,New York hippies have a new kick – baking marijuana in cookies...
^"The attendance at the third Pop Festival at...Isle of Wight, England on 30 Aug 1970 was claimed by its promoters, Fiery Creations, to be 400,000."The Guinness book of Records, 1987 (p. 91), Russell, Alan (ed.).Guinness World Records, 1986ISBN0851124399.
^Purcell, Fernando; Alfredo Riquelme (2009),Ampliando miradas: Chile y su historia en un tiempo global, RIL Editores, p. 21,ISBN978-956-284-701-8
^Harry Gibson wrote:"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words washep which described someone in the know. When lots of people started usinghep, musicians changed tohip. I started calling peoplehipsters and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling meHarry the Hipster; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'" -- "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).
^Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in themass media until early 1967, afterSan Francisco Chronicle columnistHerb Caen began to use the term; See "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, January 20, 1967, p. 37. San Francisco Chronicle, January 18, 1967 column, p. 27
^Zablocki, Benjamin. "Hippies."World Book Online Reference Center. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."
^abHirsch 1993, p. 419. Hirsch describes hippies as "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."
^abPendergast & Pendergast 2005. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author ofThe 1960s Cultural Revolution."
^August 28 - Bob Dylan turns the Beatles on to cannabis for the second time. See also:Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002),The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles, NAL Trade,ISBN0-451-20735-1;Moller, Karen (September 25, 2006),Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation, Swans, retrieved2007-07-29
^YippieAbbie Hoffman envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not someTime Magazine, hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970).Conventions: The Land Around Us Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman.Archived March 15, 2008, at theWayback Machine
^Wiener, Jon (1991),Come Together: John Lennon in His Time, University of Illinois Press, p. 40,ISBN0-252-06131-4: "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer... The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint... The song presented theflower power critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..."
^Dudley 2000, pp. 203–206.Timothy Miller notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotesHarvey Cox, William C. Shepard,Jefferson Poland, andRalph J. Gleason in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See alsoWes Nisker'sThe Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom: "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites theSan Francisco Oracle, which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution".
^DeCurtis, Anthony (July 12, 2007), "New York",Rolling Stone, no. 1030/1031 For additional sources, see: –McNeill, Don (March 30, 1967),"Central Park Rite is Medieval Pageant",The Village Voice, pp. 1, 20 –Weintraub, Bernard (March 27, 1967), "Easter: A Day of Worship, a "Be-In" or just Parading in the Sun"",The New York Times, pp. 1, 24 –McNeill, Don (2017) [March 30, 1967],"Be-In, be-in, Being",The Village Voice, archived fromthe original on January 28, 2008, retrieved2008-04-18
^Joel Selvin, Summer of Love: The Inside Story of LSD, Rock & Roll, Free Love and High Times in the Wild West, New York: Dutton, 1994, pp. 3–5 (estimating c. 100,000 attendees during the Summer of Love).
^Charles Perry, The Haight-Ashbury: A History, New York: Vintage, 1984, pp. 190–196 (discussing influx numbers and city estimates around summer 1967).
^Time Magazine, ‘The Hippies: Philosophy of a Subculture,’ July 7, 1967 (national coverage spotlighting Haight‑Ashbury and popularizing the term ‘hippie’).
^Newsweek, ‘Dropping Out in Haight‑Ashbury,’ July 1967 (feature coverage of the district and the emergent label).
^David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, pp. 196–204 (public reception of hippie counterculture, endorsements and criticisms).
^Stuart Hall et al., Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post‑War Britain, London: Hutchinson, 1976 (media framing and moral critiques of countercultural movements); see also Alice Echols, Shaky Ground: The Sixties and Its Aftershocks, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 86–95.
^"Death of Hippie: An end to the Summer of Love",· Love on Haight: The Grateful Dead and San Francisco in 1967, Digital Exhibits UCSC Library, retrieved20 January 2021,Sign reads: "Funeral Notice: HIPPIE. In the Haight Ashbury District of this city. Hippie, devoted son of Mass Media. Friends are invited to attend service beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967 at Buena Vista Park."
^Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today, Julien, Olivier. Ashgate, 2009.ISBN978-0754667087.
^abCarmines, Edward G., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997. "Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics". In Byron Shafer, ed.,Present Discontents. NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
^Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citingJoan Didion,Diane Sawyer, andTime. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.
^Deresiewics, William (November 12, 2011),"Generation Sell",The New York Times, retrieved2011-12-03
^Hovey, Kathryn (2005),Anarchy and community in the new American West: Madrid, New Mexico, 1970-2000, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,ISBN978-0-8263-3446-6
^Stone 1999,"Sex, Love and Hippies", "Again the Beat generation must be credited with living and writing about sexual freedom. Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs and others lived unusually free, sexually expressive lives."
^Stone 1999,"Sex, Love and Hippies", "But the biggest release of inhibitions came about through the use of drugs, particularly marijuana and the psychedelics. Marijuana is one of the best aphrodisiacs known to man. It enhances the senses, unlike alcohol, which dulls them. As any hippie can tell you, sex is a great high, but sex on pot is fuckin' far out![...] More importantly, the use of psychedelic drugs, especially LSD was directly responsible for liberating hippies from their sexual hang-ups. The LSD trip is an intimate soul wrenching experience that shatters the ego's defenses, leaving the tripper in a very poignant and sensitive state. At this point, a sexual encounter is quite possible if conditions are right. After an LSD trip, one is much more likely to explore one's own sexual nature without inhibitions."
^Stone 1999,"Sex, Love and Hippies", "Many hippies on the spiritual path found enlightenment through sex. TheKama Sutra, theTantric sexual manual from ancient India is a way to cosmic union through sex. Some gurus like Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho) formed cults that focused on liberation through the release of sexual inhibitions."
^BBC - On This Day - 1969: Woodstock music festival ends. "An estimated 400,000 youngsters turned up..." Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^"...nearly 500,000 revellers came together for three days and three nights and showed the world what a generation was made of..."Woodstock 1969 - The First Festival. Landy, Elliott. Ravette Publishing Ltd, 2009.ISBN978-1841613093.
^Start Your Own Religion. Leary, Timothy. Millbrook, New York: Kriya Press. 1967. (The original 1967 version was privately published; it is not to be confused with a compilation of Leary's writings compiled, edited, and published posthumously under the same title.)
^(1998) "The Cambridge History of American Music",ISBN978-0-521-45429-2,ISBN978-0-521-45429-2, p.372: "Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities: women, gay, black, and Latinos"
^(2002) "Traces of the Spirit: The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music",ISBN978-0-8147-9809-6,ISBN978-0-8147-9809-6, p.117: "New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos."
^"But the pre-Saturday Night Fever dance underground was actually sweetly earnest and irony-free in its hippie-dippie positivity, as evinced by anthems like M.F.S.B.'s 'Love Is the Message'." —Village Voice, July 10, 2001.
^Time Out: Mumbai and Goa, London: Time Out Guides, 2011, p. 184,In 1969, Gilbert Levy left the Haigh Ashbury district of San Francisco and took the overland trail through Afghanistan and Pakistan, first to Bombay and then to Goa...Throughout the 1970s, Gil organized legendary parties at Anjuna- moonlight jams of non-stop music, dancing and chemical experimentation that lasted from Christmas Eve to New Year´s Day for a tribe of fellow overland travellers who called themselves the Goa Freaks...In the 90s, Gil started to use snippets from industrial music, etno techno, acid house and psychedelic rock to help create Goa Trance, dance music with a heavy spiritual accent...For Goa Gil, Goa Trance is a logical continuation of what hippies were doing back in the 60s and 70s. "The Psychedelic Revolution never really stopped" he said, "it just had to go halfway round the world to the end of a dirt road on a deserted beach, and there it was allowed to evolve and mutate, without government or media pressures.
^JamBands.com - What is a Jam Band? Retrieved from Internet Archive December 23, 2013.
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