Hippeis (Ancient Greek:ἱππεῖς, singular ἱππεύς,hippeus) is aGreek term forcavalry. Inancient Athenian society, after thepolitical reforms of Solon, thehippeus was the second highest of the four social classes. It was composed of men who had at least 300medimnoi or their equivalent as yearly income. According to theTimocratic Constitution, the average citizen had a yearly income of less than 200 medimnoi. This gave the men who made 300 medimnoi the ability to purchase and maintain awar horse during their service to the state.[1]
Its counterparts were theRomanequites (equestrians) andmedievalknights.[2]
InSparta, thehippeus was the royal guard of honour. It consisted of 300 Spartan youths under the age of thirty. They would serve as heavily armed infantry soldiers in the King's bodyguard.[2] The Athenian cavalry was formed after theGreco-Persian War in the 5th century BC; it originally consisted of 300 men and then increased to 1,200 men following Athens'Golden Age. This included 200 mounted bowmen (hippotoxōtæ), replaced between 395 and 360BC by the javelin-armedprodromoi, and 1,000 Athenian citizens. Thehippeus continued drilling in times of peace. They also took part in processions at public festivals. They were commanded by twohipparchi, who superintended the levy. Subordinated to eachhipparch were fivephylarchi, who each commanded aphyla. Both sets of officers were drawn from the two highest classes. It was the duty of theboule (council) to see that the cavalry was in good condition and to examine new members with respect to their equipment and eligibility.[3]
The number of horsemen dispatched was determined by the decree of thepopular assembly. Every horseman received equipment money on joining and a subsidy for keeping a groom and two horses; this grew to be an annual grant from the state, amounting to fortytalents, but regular pay was only given in the field.
In 424 BC, a regular body of horses was formed, remedying long-standing neglect when compared with the infantry. The rich had only to provide horses, equipment, and armour; in time of war, those deemed unfit for service as hoplites were drafted to the cavalry and dispatched without any preliminary drill. In later times, every hoplitemora seems to have been allotted 60 cavalry.[2] By enlisting mercenaries and introducing allies into their forces, the Spartans eventually obtained better cavalry.[1]
The utility of the Greek citizen-cavalry was low on account of their heavy armor, their metal helmet, and their coat ofmail, their metal-fringed kilts, theircuisses reaching to the knee and their leather leggings. They did not take shields into battle. As offensive weapons, they had a straight two-edged sword and a spear, used either as alance or thrown as ajavelin. Horseshoes andstirrups were unknown to the Greeks. The closest approximation to a saddle was either a saddle cloth or a piece of felt that was firmly fastened under the horse's belly. TheThessalians were considered the best riders. Trained in horsemanship as well as infantry warfare, theSacred Band of Thebes[4] may have accompanied the great Theban cavalry commanderPelopidas to Pelopidas's fatal confrontation withAlexander of Pherae in 364 (Pelopidas taughtPhilip II of Macedon many cavalry skills). Cavalry first became important in the Macedonian army underPhilip II of Macedon and his sonAlexander the Great. Although in earlier times the number of horsemen in the Greek forces was low, in Alexander's later army they formed nearly a sixth. The Macedonian cavalry was divided into heavy and light, both consisting of squadrons (ilai) of an average strength of 200 men. The light cavalry, which was formed under the name ofprodromoi (skirmishers), consisted of Macedoniansarissophoroi, so-called from thesarissa, a lance from 14 to 16 feet (4.9 m) long (Polybius, XVIII, 12), and ofThracian horsemen. The heavy-cavalry men each had a mounted servant and probably a led horse to transport baggage and forage. After Alexander,Tarentini equites, or light-armed spearmen, with two horses each, emerged (192 BC,Livy, XXXV 28, 29).[2]
Three main evolutionary stages transpired in ancient Greece, starting in theMycenaean period approximately 1400 BC. The first stage consisted of turning a regular horse into a war horse and using it to pull achariot, which was used to carry infantrymen to battle and to transport the injured. In the second stage, the chariot was replaced as the fighting platform by the horse itself. Mounted soldiers were used to screen the army, harass the enemy and pursue fleeing enemies. In the third stage, in the 4th century, the cavalry charge emerged.[1]