 Main building in 1903 | |
| Type | Military academy College prep |
|---|---|
| Active | 1901–1959 |
| Location | ,, 45°32′57″N122°33′47″W / 45.549285°N 122.563149°W /45.549285; -122.563149[1] |
 | |
Hill Military Academy was a private,College preparatorymilitary academy inPortland in the U.S. state ofOregon. Opened in 1901, it was a leading military boarding school in thePacific Northwest. Originally located in Northwest Portland, it later moved toRocky Butte where it remained until it closed in 1959. The school was a party to thePierce v. Society of Sisters United States Supreme Court case.
The academy's founder, Joseph Wood Hill, was born inWestport, Connecticut, on May 28, 1856, and was raised in Connecticut.[2] He attended the Selleck school inNorwalk before enrolling atYale University in 1874, where he earned a bachelor of arts degree in 1878.[2] Hill then moved west to Oregon where he was hired as the headmaster of theBishop Scott grammar school in Portland in 1879.[2] In 1881, while still serving as headmaster, Hill graduated from theWillamette University College of Medicine with aDoctor of Medicine.[2] The grammar school became Bishop Scott Academy in 1887, with Hill becoming principal that year of the expanded school, serving until 1901.[2]
In 1901, Hill left Bishop Scott Academy and founded the Hill Military Academy on Marshall Street in Portland.[2] John W. Gavin served as the vice principal and headmaster at this time.[2] The school was incorporated in 1908, and Hill’s oldest son Joseph A. became the vice president of the school that year.[2] The son took over as manager in 1910, with Major G. C. Von Egloffstein taking over as headmaster. Joseph Wood Hill remained as principal until at least 1911.[2]
In 1922, Oregon voters passed the Compulsory Education Act, an initiative supported by theKu Klux Klan as an anti-Catholic measure that required attendance in public schools.[3] Hill Academy and a society that ran several Catholic schools both sued the state to prevent the enactment of the law onFourteenth Amendment grounds, and won infederal district court.[3] On appeal to theUnited States Supreme Court, that court upheld the injunction against the law inPierce v. Society of Sisters.[4]
In 1931, the school moved to a new campus onRocky Butte in eastern Portland.[5][6] It operated at its Rocky Butte location for 18 years until, with its enrollment in decline, the school closed in 1959.[6][7] In the years since the site has been home to several schools, and the 2.38 acre "Joseph Wood Hill Park" was acquired by City of Portland in 1988.
Hill Military Academy’s original campus was located in a residential area in northwest Portland.[2] The campus consisted of two buildings, the main building and an armory.[2] The two-story armory measured 50 by 100 feet and included a drill hall and workshops.[2] Hill’s main building was a four-story structure withbattlements on the exterior wall, and in general designed in theScots Baronial Style.[2] This building housed the boarding students of the academy.[2]
Students at Hill wore uniforms and attended college preparatory classes as well as classes in the military department.[2] The school had both boarding students and day class enrollees.[5] Summer courses were held at camps held on theOregon Coast or in the mountains.[2] The school was considered a pioneer in military education in thePacific Northwest.[5]