InJudaism, theHigh Holy Days, also known asHigh Holidays orDays of Awe (Yamim Noraim;Hebrew:יָמִים נוֹרָאִים,Yāmīm Nōrāʾīm) consist of:
The High Holy Days also are also considered to extend through the festival season ofSukkot,Shemini Atzeret, andSimchat Torah.[1][2]
The term High Holy Days most probably derives from the popular English phrase, "high days and holy days". The Hebrew equivalent, "Yamim Noraim" (Hebrew:ימים נוראים), is neither Biblical nor Talmudic. ProfessorIsmar Elbogen avers that it was a medieval usage, reflecting a change in the mood of Rosh Hashanah from a predominantly joyous celebration to a more subdued day that was a response to a period of persecution.[3]
Earlier versions of the ritual observances can be traced to theSecond Temple Period and sources such asPhilo, theMishnah and theTosefta in 100-300 CE, with the modern liturgy's relative standardization dating to the time of theGeonim and roughly in place by the Middle Ages.[4][5]
The Hebrew month preceding Rosh Hashanah,Elul, is designated as a month of introspection and repentance. In preparation for the Jewish New Year, special prayers are recited. In many communities,Psalm27 is added at the end ofmorning andeveningprayers. Theshofar (ram's horn) is blown at the end ofmorning services on weekdays, and in some communities in the afternoon service as well (it is omitted on the eve of Rosh Hashanah in order to differentiate between the customary blasts of the month of Elul and the obligatory blasts of Rosh Hashanah, and in some communities it is omitted for the 3 days proceeding Rosh Hashanah). AmongSephardi Jews,selichot are recited at dawn on weekdays throughout the month. Also, many complete the entirePsalms twice during the month. It is customary to increase the giving oftzedakah (charity) and to ask forgiveness from people one may have wronged.
At midnight on the Saturday night or Sunday morning before Rosh Hashanah (or one week before that, if the first day of Rosh Hashanah is Monday or Tuesday),Ashkenazi Jews begin recitingselichot. On the following days, however, they generally recite theselichot before the regular morning prayers. On the eve of Rosh Hashanah, extra prayers are recited and many fast until noon.
Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew:ראש השנה "Beginning of the Year") is the Jewish New Year, and falls on the first and second days of the Jewish month ofTishrei (September/October). TheMishnah, the core work of the JewishOral Torah, sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years and sabbatical andjubilee years.
Rabbinic literature describes this day as a day of judgment. God is sometimes referred to as the "Ancient of Days." Some descriptions depict God as sitting upon a throne, while books containing the deeds of all humanity are opened before Him.
Prayer services are longer than on a regularshabbat or otherJewish holidays, and include (on weekdays) theblowing of the shofar. On the afternoon of the first (or the second, if the first was Saturday) day, the ritualtashlikh is performed, in which sins are "cast" into open water, such as a river, sea, or lake.
The "ten days of repentance" or "the days of awe" include Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and the days in between, during which time Jews should meditate on the subject of the holidays and ask for forgiveness from anyone they have wronged.[6] They include theFast of Gedalia, on the third day ofTishrei, and Shabbat Shuvah, which is the Shabbat between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.
Shabbat Shuvah[7] has a specialHaftarah that beginsShuvah Yisrael (come back, oh Israel), hence the name of that Shabbat. Traditionally the rabbi gives a long sermon on that day.[6][8]
It is held that, while judgment on each person is pronounced on Rosh Hashanah, it is not made absolute until Yom Kippur. The Ten Days are therefore an opportunity to mend one's ways in order to alter the judgment in one's favor.[6]
Yom Kippur (Hebrew:יום כפור,romanized: yom kippūr,lit. 'Day of Atonement') is the holiest day of the Jewish year. TheHebrew Bible calls the dayYom Hakippurim "Day of the Atonement/s".
In the Hebrew calendar, the ninth day of Tishrei is known asErev Yom Kippur (Yom Kippur eve). Yom Kippur itself begins around sunset on that day and continues into the next day until nightfall, and therefore lasts about 25 hours.[9]
Observant Jews will fast throughout Yom Kippur and many attend synagogue for most of the day. There are five prayer services, one in the evening (sometimes known as "Kol Nidre" from one of the main prayers) and four consecutively on the day. On Yom Kippur day, Ne'ilah, a prayer only recited on this day, is said. It symbolizes the closing of the gates of heaven as the day of repentance comes to an end. It provides one last chance to seek forgiveness and offer prayers before the conclusion of the holiday.[9]
The seventh day ofSukkot is known asHoshana Rabbah. Jews take bouquets of willow branches that represent their sins and bash them on the floor while saying a special prayer to God to forgive them for the sins that may have been missed on Yom Kippur.[citation needed]
Generally, throughout most of the year, Jewish worship services are open to all, regardless of affiliation, and membership or payment of any fee is not a requirement in order to attend. However, the High Holy Days are usually peak attendance days for synagogues and temples, often filling or over-filling synagogues.[10] For this reason many synagogues issue tickets for attendance and may charge for them: practice varies on whether paid-up synagogue members must also buy these or whether it is included in the subscription.
Synagogues never pass acollection plate during most holiday services as some churches do, as Jews are forbidden to touch money onShabbat or other holidays such as Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. However, promises to make donations are allowed. Among synagogues in the United States, donations are often sought during the Kol Nidre service, called the "Kol Nidre Appeal," often via a pledge card, where the amount of the donation is represented by a paper tab that can be bent down in the amount of donation desired.[11] Some temples provide a card listing donation amounts, and a paper clip which the congregant may put on the card indicating their preferred donation amount. In both cases, the card is stored inside an envelope with the congregant's name and other personal contact details, and the temple reaches them after the High Holidays are over.Rabbis and other temple representatives say that holiday ticket sales represent a significant source of revenue.[12]
