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High-trust and low-trust societies

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Sociology concept

Cross-cultural studies
Topics
Cross-cultural studies Guilt–shame–fear spectrum High/low-trust societies Regality theory Cultural values World Values Survey Inglehart–Welzel cultural map Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory High/low-context cultures
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Alow-trust society is defined as one in which interpersonaltrust is relatively low, and sharedethical values are lacking.^[1] Conversely, ahigh-trust society is one where interpersonal trust is relatively high, and where ethical values are strongly shared.

Institutions and mechanisms

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According to researchers, low-trust societies are typicallykinship-based;^[1] outcomes of low-trust societies can include difficulty in forming and maintaining corporate structures.^[2] Mechanisms and institutions that are corrupted, dysfunctional, or absent in low-trust societies include respect for private property rights, a trusted civil court system, democratic voting and acceptance of electoral outcomes, and voluntary tax payment.^[3]

Research has identified a correlation betweenlinear-active cultures (i.e. following a daily schedule with a single task at a time)^[4] with high-trust societies, andmulti-active cultures (flexible schedules with many tasks at once, often in an unplanned order) with low-trust cultures.^[5]

Self-governance

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High-trust societies display a high degree of mutual trust not imposed by outside "contractual, legal or hierarchical regulation", but instead are based upon "prior moral consensus".^[1] Much writing on the subject refers toFrancis Fukuyama's 1995 book,Trust: Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity, in which he describes "the ability of various peoples to organize effectively for commercial purposes without relying on blood ties or government intervention".^[6]

References

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^^a ^b ^cNatale, S.M.; Hoffman, R.P.; Hayward, G. (1998).Business Education and Training: Corporate Structures, Business, and the Management of Values. Business education and training : a value-laden process. University Press of America. p. 35.ISBN 978-0-7618-1003-2.
^Govier, Trudy (1997).Social Trust and Human Communities. Social Trust and Human Communities. Montreal; Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 132.ISBN 978-0-7735-1680-9.
^Rose, D.C. (2011).The Moral Foundation of Economic Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 196.ISBN 978-0-19-978177-5.
^Lewis, Richard D. (2015).When cultures collide: leading across cultures; a major new edition of the global guide(PDF) (3 ed.). Boston, MA: Brealey. pp. 145–151.ISBN 978-1-904838-02-9.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2025-06-16. Retrieved2025-08-27.
^Hopkins, B. (2012).Cultural Differences and Improving Performance: How Values and Beliefs Influence Organizational Performance. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 120.ISBN 978-1-4094-5862-3.
^Fukuyama, Francis (1996).TRUST. A Free Press paperbacks book (1 ed.). New York: Free Press.ISBN 978-0-02-910976-2.

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