 | |
| Alternative names | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment |
|---|---|
| First light | March 10, 2006 |
| Diameter | 0.5 m |
| Length | 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Mass | 64.2 kg (142 lb) |
| Focal length | 12 m (39 ft 4 in) |
| Website | hirise |
 Related media on Commons | |
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board theMars Reconnaissance Orbiter which has been orbiting and studying Mars since 2006. The 65 kg (143 lb), US$40 million instrument was built under the direction of theUniversity of Arizona'sLunar and Planetary Laboratory byBall Aerospace & Technologies Corp. It consists of a 0.5 m (19.7 in) aperturereflecting telescope, the largest so far of anydeep space mission, which allows it to take pictures of Mars with resolutions of 0.3 m/pixel (1 ft/pixel), resolving objects below a meter across.
HiRISE has imagedMars exploration rovers on the surface, including theOpportunity rover and the ongoingCuriosity mission.[1]
In the late 1980s,Alan Delamere ofBall Aerospace & Technologies began planning the kind of high-resolution imaging needed to support sample return and surface exploration of Mars. In early 2001 he teamed up with Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona to propose such a camera for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and NASA formally accepted it November 9, 2001.
Ball Aerospace was given the responsibility to build the camera and they delivered HiRISE to NASA on December 6, 2004 for integration with the rest of the spacecraft. It was prepared for launch on board the MRO on August 12, 2005, to the cheers of the HiRISE team who were present.
During the cruise phase of MRO, HiRISE took multiple test shots including several of theMoon and theJewel Box cluster. These images helped to calibrate the camera and prepare it for taking pictures of Mars.
On March 10, 2006, MRO achieved Martian orbit and primed HiRISE to acquire some initial images of Mars.[2] The instrument had two opportunities to take pictures of Mars (the first was on March 24, 2006) before MRO entered aerobraking, during which time the camera was turned off for six months.[3] It was turned on successfully on September 27, and took its first high-resolution pictures of Mars on September 29.
On October 6, 2006 HiRISE took the first image ofVictoria Crater, a site which was also under study by theOpportunity rover.[4]
In February 2007 seven detectors showed signs of degradation, with one IR channel almost completely degraded, and one other showing advanced signs of degradation. The problems seemed to disappear when higher temperatures were used to take pictures with the camera.[5] As of March, the degradation appeared to have stabilized, but the underlying cause remained unknown.[6] Subsequent experiments with the Engineering Model (EM) at Ball Aerospace provided definitive evidence for the cause: contamination in the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) which results in flipping bits to create the apparent noise or bad data in the images, combined with design flaws leading to delivery of poor analog waveforms to the ADCs. Further work showed that the degradation can be reversed[clarification needed] by heating the ADCs.[citation needed]
On October 3, 2007, HiRISE was turned towardEarth, and took a picture of it and theMoon. In the full-resolution color image, Earth was 90 pixels across and the Moon was 24 pixels across from a distance of 142 million km.[7]
On May 25, 2008, HiRISE imaged NASA'sMars Phoenix Lander parachuting down to the surface of Mars. It was the first time that one spacecraft imaged the final descent of another spacecraft onto a planetary body.[8]
By 2010, HiRISE had imaged only about one percent of Mars's surface[9] and by 2016 the coverage was around 2.4%.[10] It was designed to capture smaller areas at high resolution—other instruments scan much more area to find things like fresh impact craters. MRO'sContext Camera (CTX) captured two fresh impact craters (>130 meter each) formed on Mars in late 2021, the largest discovered by MRO. These seismic events were also detected byInterior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight). The crater in Amazonis Planitia was discovered independently by both missions, while the crater in Tempe Terra was first observed by Insight and then searched for with CTX images.[11][12] This identification further allowed development of new techniques by which ice deposits in the future could be characterised by HiRISE color.[13]
On April 1, 2010, NASA released the first images under theHiWish program in which the public suggested places for HiRISE to photograph. One of the eight locations was Aureum Chaos.[14] The first image below gives a wide view of the area. The next two images are from the HiRISE image.[15]
The following three images are among the first images taken under the HiWish program. The first is a context image from CTX to show where the HiRISE is looking.
The following group of images show some significant images taken by the instrument. Some of these hint at possible sources of water for future colonists.
![Large group of concentric cracks, as seen by HiRISE, under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. Cracks were formed by a volcano under ice.[16]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a25755concentriccracks.jpg)
The following set of pictures show first a full image of a scene and then enlargements from parts of it. A program called HiView can be used to produce more detailed views. Some pictures are in color. HiRISE takes a color strip down the middle only.
The HiRISE camera is designed to view surface features of Mars in greater detail than has previously been possible.[17] It has provided a closer look at fresh Martian craters, revealingalluvial fans, viscous flow features and ponded regions of pitted materials containingbreccia clast.[18] This allows for the study of the age of Martian features, looking for landing sites for future Mars landers, and in general, seeing the Martian surface in far greater detail than has previously been done from orbit. By doing so, it is allowing better studies of Martian channels and valleys, volcanic landforms, possible former lakes and oceans, sand dune fields such asHagal andNili Patera, and other surface landforms as they exist on the Martian surface.[19]
The general public is allowed to request sites for the HiRISE camera to capture (seeHiWish). For this reason, and due to the unprecedented access of pictures to the general public, shortly after they have been received and processed, the camera has been termed "The People's Camera".[20] The pictures can be viewed online, downloaded, or with the freeHiView software.
HiRISE was designed to be a high resolution camera from the beginning. It consists of a large mirror, as well as a largeCCD camera. Because of this, it achieves aresolution of 1microradian, or 0.3 meter at a height of 300 km. (For comparison purposes, satellite images onGoogle Mars are available to 1 meter.[21]) It can image in three color bands, 400–600 nm (blue–green or B–G), 550–850 nm (red) and 800–1,000 nm (near infrared or NIR).[22]
HiRISE incorporates a 0.5-meter primary mirror, the largest optical telescope ever sent beyond Earth's orbit. The mass of the instrument is 64.2 kg.[23]
Red color images are at 20,048pixels wide (6 km in a 300 km orbit), and blue-green and NIR are at 4,048 pixels wide (1.2 km). These are gathered by 14 CCD sensors,2048 × 128 pixels. HiRISE's onboard computer reads out these lines in time with the orbiter'sground speed, meaning the images are potentially unlimited in height. Practically this is limited by the onboard computer's28Gbit (3.5 GB) memory capacity. The nominal maximum size of red images (compressed to 8 bits per pixel) is about 20,000 × 126,000 pixels, or 2520megapixels and 4,000 × 126,000 pixels (504 megapixels) for the narrower images of the B–G and NIR bands. A single uncompressed image uses up to 28 Gbit. However, these images are transmitted compressed, with a typical maximum size of 11.2 gigabits. These images are released to the general public on the HiRISE website via a new format calledJPEG 2000.[24][25]
To facilitate the mapping of potential landing sites, HiRISE can produce stereo pairs of images from which the topography can be measured to an accuracy of 0.25 meter.
HiRISE images are available to the public, and are named according to the following rules:[27]
The target code refers to the latitudinalposition of the center of the plannedobservation relative to the start of orbit.The start of orbit is located at the equatoron the descending side (night side) of theorbit. A target code of 0000 refers to thestart of orbit. The target code increases invalue along the orbit track ranging from 0000to 3595. This convention allows the file nameordering to be time sequential. The firstthree digits refers to the number of wholedegrees from the start of orbit, the fourthdigit refers to the fractional degrees roundedto the nearest 0.5 degrees. Values greaterthan 3595 identify observations as off-Mars orspecial observations.
Examples of target code:
Off-Mars and Special Observations Values:
| Operating |
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| Retired |
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| Hibernating (Mission completed) | |||||||||||||
| Lost/Failed | |||||||||||||
| Cancelled | |||||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||||
