Anaeolipile,aeolipyle, oreolipile, from the Greek "Αἰόλου πύλη,"lit. 'Aeolus gate', also known as aHero's (orHeron's)engine, is a simple, bladelessradial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated.Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine. TheGreek-Egyptianmathematician andengineerHero of Alexandria described the device in the 1st century AD, and many sources give him the credit for its invention.[1][2] However,Vitruvius was the first to describe this appliance in hisDe architectura (c. 30-20 BC).[3]
The aeolipile is considered to be the first recordedsteam engine or reactionsteam turbine, but it is neither a practical source of power nor a direct predecessor of the type of steam engine invented during theIndustrial Revolution.[4]
The name – derived from theGreek word Αἴολος andLatin wordpila – translates to "the ball ofAeolus", Aeolus being theGreek god of the air and wind.
Because it applies steam to perform work, an Aeolipile (depicted in profile) is used as the symbol for the U.S. Navy's Boiler Technician Rate, as it was for the earlier Watertender, Boilermaker, and Boilerman ratings.
The aeolipile usually consists of a spherical or cylindrical vessel with oppositely bent or curvednozzles projecting outwards. It is designed to rotate on its axis. When the vessel is pressurised with steam, the gas is expelled out of the nozzles, which generates thrust due to therocket principle[5] as a consequence of the 2nd and 3rd ofNewton's laws of motion. When the nozzles, pointing in different directions, produce forces along different lines of action perpendicular to the axis of thebearings, the thrusts combine to result in a rotational moment (mechanicalcouple), ortorque, causing the vessel to spin about its axis. Aerodynamic drag and frictional forces in the bearings build up quickly with increasing rotational speed (rpm) and consume the accelerating torque, eventually cancelling it and achieving asteady state speed.
Typically, and as Hero described the device, the water is heated in a simpleboiler which forms part of a stand for the rotating vessel. Where this is the case, the boiler is connected to the rotating chamber by a pair of pipes that also serve as thepivots for the chamber. Alternatively the rotating chamber may itself serve as the boiler, and this arrangement greatly simplifies the pivot/bearing arrangements, as they then do not need to pass steam. This can be seen in the illustration of a classroom model shown here.
.jpg)
Both Hero and Vitruvius draw on the much earlier work byCtesibius (285–222 BC), also known as Ktēsíbios or Tesibius, who was an inventor and mathematician inAlexandria,Ptolemaic Egypt. He wrote the first treatises on the science of compressed air and its uses in pumps.
Vitruvius (c. 80 BC – c. 15 BC) mentions aeolipiles by name:
Aeolipilae are hollow brazen vessels, which have an opening or mouth of small size, by means of which they can be filled with water. Prior to the water being heated over the fire, but little wind is emitted. As soon, however, as the water begins to boil, a violent wind issues forth.[6]
Hero (c. 10–70 AD) takes a more practical approach, in that he gives instructions how to make one:
No. 50. The Steam-Engine.PLACE a cauldron over a fire: a ball shall revolve on a pivot. A fire is ignited under a cauldron, A B, (fig. 50), containing water, and covered at the mouth by the lid C D; with this the bent tube E F G communicates, the extremity of the tube being fitted into a hollow ball, H K. Opposite to the extremity G place a pivot, L M, resting on the lid C D; and let the ball contain two bent pipes, communicating with it at the opposite extremities of a diameter, and bent in opposite directions, the bends being at right angles and across the lines F G, L M. As the cauldron gets hot it will be found that the steam, entering the ball through E F G, passes out through the bent tubes towards the lid, and causes the ball to revolve, as in the case of the dancing figures.[1]
It is not known whether the aeolipile was put to any practical use in ancient times, and if it was seen as a pragmatic device, a whimsical novelty, an object of reverence, or some other thing. A source described it as a merecuriosity for the ancient Greeks, or a "party trick".[7] Hero's drawing shows a standalone device, and was presumably intended as a "temple wonder", like many of the other devices described inPneumatica.[clarification needed][1]
Vitruvius, on the other hand, mentions use of the aeolipile for demonstrating the physical properties of the weather. He describes them as:
brazen æolipylæ, which clearly shew that an attentive examination of human inventions often leads to a knowledge of the general laws of nature.[6]
After describing the device's construction (see above) he concludes:
Thus a simple experiment enables us to ascertain and determine the causes and effects of the great operations of the heavens and the winds.[6]
In 1543,Blasco de Garay, a scientist and a captain in the Spanish navy, allegedly demonstrated before theHoly Roman Emperor, Charles V and a committee of high officials an invention he claimed could propel large ships in the absence of wind using an apparatus consisted of copper boiler and moving wheels on either side of the ship.[8] This account was preserved by the royal Spanish archives atSimancas.[9] It is proposed that de Garay used Hero's aeolipile and combined it with the technology used in Roman boats and late medieval galleys.[8] Here, de Garay's invention introduced an innovation where the aeolipile had practical usage, which was to generate motion to the paddlewheels, demonstrating the feasibility of steam-driven boats.[9] This claim was denied by Spanish authorities.[10]
