Ahermitage most authentically refers to a place where ahermit lives in seclusion from the world, or a building or settlement where a person or a group of people live religiously, in seclusion. Particularly as a name or part of the name of properties its meaning is often imprecise, harking to a distant period of local history, components of the building material, or recalling any former sanctuary or holy place. Secondary churches or establishments run from a monastery were often called "hermitages".
In the 18th century, some owners ofEnglish country houses adorned their gardens with a "hermitage", sometimes a Gothic ruin, but sometimes, as atPainshill Park, a romantic hut which a "hermit" was recruited to occupy. The so-calledErmita de San Pelayo y San Isidoro is the ruins of a Romanesque church ofÁvila, Spain, that ended up several hundred miles away, to feature in theBuen Retiro Park in Madrid.
A hermitage is any type of domestic dwelling in which ahermit lives. While the level of isolation can vary widely, more often than not it is associated with a nearbymonastery. Typically, hermitages consist of at least one detached room, or sometimes a dedicated space within an open floor plan building, for religious devotion, basic sleeping accommodations, and a domestic cooking range, suitable for theascetic lifestyle of the inhabitant. Depending on the work of the hermit, premises such as a studio, workshop or chapel may be attached or sited in proximity.[citation needed]
Originally, the first hermitages were natural caves, temple ruins, and even simple huts in forests and deserts. Around the time of early fourth century (around 300 AD), the spiritual retreats of theDesert Fathers, who had chosen to live apart from society in the relative isolation of theNitrian Desert ofEgypt, began to attract the attention of the wider Christian community. The piety of such hermits often attracted both laity and other would-be ascetics, forming the firstcenobitic communities called "sketes", such asNitria andKellia. Within a short time, more and more people arrived to adopt the teachings and lifestyle of these hermits, and there began by necessity a mutual exchange of labour and shared goods between them, forming the first monastic communities.[citation needed]
In the later feudal period of theMiddle Ages, both monasteries and hermitages alike were endowed by royalty and nobility in return for prayers being said for their family, believing it to be beneficial to the state of their soul.[citation needed]
Carthusian monks typically live in a one-room cell or building, with areas for study, sleep, prayer, and preparation of meals. Most Carthusians live a mostly solitary life, meeting with their brethren for communion, for shared meals on holy days, and again irregularly for nature walks, where they are encouraged to have simple discussions about their spiritual life.[1]
In the modern era, hermitages are often abutted to monasteries, or in their grounds, being occupied by monks who receive dispensation from theirabbot orprior to live a semi-solitary life. However, hermitages can be found in a variety of settings, from isolated rural sites, houses in large cities, and even high-rise blocks of flats, depending on the hermit's means.[citation needed]
Examples of hermitages in Western Christian tradition:
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Apustyn (Russian:пустынь) orkalyva (Greek:καλύβα) oranapat' (Armenian:անապատ [hy]) is a small sparsely furnished cabin or room where a person goes topray andfast alone in the presence ofGod. The word poustyn has its origin in theRussian word fordesert (пустыня). A person called to live permanently in a poustinia is called apoustinik (plural:poustiniki) or anapatakan (Armenian: անապատական).
Apoustinik is one who has been called byGod to live life in the desert (poustinia), alone with God in the service of humanity through prayer, fasting, and availability to those who might call upon him or her. Those called to life in thepoustinia were not uncommon in Russia prior to the suppression of Christianity in the early 20th century.[citation needed]
In thisEastern Christian expression of theeremitic vocation, poustiniks are not solitary but are part of the local community to which they are called. The poustinik is a servant of God and God's people, in communion with the Church. Historically, one who experienced the call
"...to the poustinia had first, after securing the blessing of his or herspiritual director, to find a village. He generally did this throughpilgrimage andprayer. Once having discovered the village to which he felt God drawing him, the poustinik went to the elders and asked permission to live there as a poustinik. Permission was happily given, as Russians were glad to have a poustinik praying for them.[3]
The poustinik lives alone praying for his own salvation, the salvation of the world, and particularly for the community that God has blessed for him to be a member. Traditionally:
The poustinik was also available to the people. When there were special needs, such as a fire to fight or hay to bring in, the poustinik would help. And whenever anyone had something they wanted to talk about—a question about prayer, a problem, a special joy or sorrow—they could go to the poustinik.[3]
The poustinik is one who listens, and shares the love of Christ with all whom he encounters, as well as a cup of tea or some food; whatever he has he shares, as God has shared all with him.[3]
The poustinia was documented by the Catholicsocial activistCatherine Doherty in her best-selling bookPoustinia: Christian Spirituality of the East for Western Man[4] first published in 1975.
Although originating with ancientstartsy (wise Russian elders, sg.starets), Doherty's popular book made the concept of poustinia accessible to modern Western people. In it, she describes the poustinia as "an entry into the desert, a lonely place, a silent place, where one can lift the two arms of prayer and penance to God in atonement, intercession, reparation for one's sins and those of one's brothers.... To go into the poustinia means to listen to God. It means entering intokenosis — the emptying of oneself." She promotes the poustinia as a place where anyone — in any walk of life — can go for 24 hours of silence, solitude and prayer. Ultimately, however, the poustinik's call is to the desert of one's own heart wherein he dwells with God alone, whether in the workplace or in a solitary locale.
A poustinia cabin or room generally consists of a bed, a table and chair, across, and aBible.
InHinduism, a hermitage is called anashram. Traditionally, an ashram in ancientIndia was a place where sages lived inpeace and tranquility amidstnature.[5]
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