Born into an impoverishedPolish noble family in theKingdom of Poland, at the time part of theRussian Empire, he began publishing journalistic and literary pieces in the late 1860s. In the late 1870s he traveled to theUnited States, sending back travel essays that won him popularity with Polish readers. In the 1880s he began serializing novels that further increased his popularity. He soon becameone of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and numerous translations gained him international renown, culminating in his receipt of the1905 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer".
Sienkiewicz came into the world on 5 May 1846 inWola Okrzejska,Lublin Governorate, now a village in the central part of the eastern Polish region ofLubelskie in theKingdom of Poland, then part of theRussian Empire.[5][6] His family were impoverishedPolish nobles, on his father's side deriving fromLipka Tatars who had settled in theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.[5][7][8][9] His parents were Józef Sienkiewicz of theOszyk coat of arms and Stefania Cieciszowska. His mother descended from an old and affluentPodlachian family.[5] He had five siblings: an older brother, Kazimierz (who died duringJanuary Uprising of 1863–1864), and four sisters: Aniela, Helena, Zofia and Maria.[5] His family were entitled to use the PolishOszyk coat of arms.[10][11] Wola Okrzejska belonged to the writer's maternal grandmother, Felicjana Cieciszowska.[5] His family moved several times, and young Henryk spent his childhood on family estates inGrabowce Górne,Wężyczyn, andBurzec.[5] In September 1858 he began his education inWarsaw, where the family would finally settle in 1861, having bought a tenement house (kamienica) in eastern Warsaw'sPraga district.[5] He received relatively poor school-grades except in thehumanities, notablyPolish language andhistory.[5]
Monument atop Sienkiewicz Mound atOkrzeja. At left is the writer's family's village,Wola Okrzejska, where he was born.
Due to hard times, the 19-year-old Sienkiewicz took a job asprivate tutor to theWeyher family inPłońsk.[5] It was probably in this period that he wrote his first novel,Ofiara ("Sacrifice"); he is thought to have destroyed the manuscript of the never-published novel.[5] He also worked on his first novel to be published,Na Marne ("In Vain"). He completed extramural secondary-school classes, and in 1866 he received his secondary-school diploma.[5] He first tried to study medicine, then law, at theImperial University of Warsaw, but he soon transferred to the university's Institute of Philology and History, where he acquired a thorough knowledge ofAncient Greek andLatin literature andOld Polish language.[5][6] Little is known about this period of his life, other than that he moved out of his parents' home, tutored part-time, and lived in poverty.[5] His situation improved somewhat in 1868 when he became a private tutor to the princely Woroniecki family.[5]
In 1867 he wrote a rhymed piece, "Sielanka Młodości" ("Idyll of Youth"), which was rejected byTygodnik Illustrowany ("The Illustrated Weekly").[5] In 1869 he debuted as a journalist;Przegląd Tygodniowy (1866–1904) ("The Weekly Review") ran his review of a play on 18 April 1869, and shortly afterwardThe Illustrated Weekly printed an essay of his about the late-Renaissance Polish poetMikołaj Sęp Szarzyński.[5] He completed his university studies in 1871, though he failed to receive a diploma because he did not pass the examination inAncient Greek language.[5] Sienkiewicz also wrote forGazeta Polska ("The Polish Gazette") andNiwa ("Magazine"), under the pen name "Litwos".[12] In 1873 he began writing a column, "Bez tytułu" ("Without a title"), inThe Polish Gazette; in 1874 a second column, "Sprawy bieżące" ("Current matters"), forNiwa; and in 1875 the third column, "Chwila obecna" ("The present moment").[12] He also collaborated on a Polish translation ofVictor Hugo's last novel,Ninety-Three, published in 1874.[12] In June of that same year he became co-owner ofNiwa (in 1878, he would sell his share in the magazine).[12][13]
Meanwhile, in 1872, he had debuted as a fiction writer with his short novelNa Marne ("In Vain"), published in the magazineWieniec ("Garland").[5] This was followed byHumoreski z teki Woroszyłły ("Humorous Sketches from Woroszyłła's Files", 1872),Stary Sługa ("The Old Servant", 1875),Hania ("Sienkiewicz") (1876), andSelim Mirza (1877).[12][14] The last three are known as the "Little Trilogy".[14] These publications made him a prominent figure in Warsaw's journalistic-literary world, and a guest at popular dinner parties hosted by the actressHelena Modrzejewska.[12]
In 1874, Sienkiewicz was briefly engaged to Maria Keller, and traveled abroad toBrussels andParis.[12] Soon after he returned, his fiancée's parents cancelled the engagement.[12] In 1876 Sienkiewicz went to theUnited States with Helena Modrzejewska (soon to become famous in the U.S. as actressHelena Modjeska) and her husband.[12] He traveled viaLondon to New York and then on toSan Francisco, staying for some time inCalifornia.[12] His travels were financed byGazeta Polska ("The Polish Gazette") in exchange for a series of travel essays: Sienkiewicz wroteListy z podróży ("Letters from a Journey") andListy Litwosa z Podróży ("Litwos' Letters from a Journey"), which were published inThe Polish Gazette in 1876–1878 and republished as a book in 1880.[12][15] Other articles by him also appeared inPrzegląd Tygodniowy (The Weekly Review) andPrzewodnik Naukowy i Literacki (The Learned and Literary Guide), discussing the situation ofAmerican Polonia.[13] He briefly lived in the town ofAnaheim, later in Anaheim Landing (nowSeal Beach, California).[12] He hunted, visitedNative American camps, traveled in the nearby mountains (theSanta Ana,Sierra Madre,San Jacinto, andSan Bernardino Mountains), and visited theMojave Desert,Yosemite Valley, and thesilver mines atVirginia City, Nevada.[12] On 20 August 1877 he witnessed Modjeska's U.S. theatrical debut at San Francisco'sCalifornia Theatre, which he reviewed forThe Polish Gazette; and on 8 September he published in the Daily Evening Post an article, translated into English for him by Modjeska, on "Poland and Russia".[12]
In America, he also continued writing fiction, in 1877 publishingSzkice węglem (Charcoal Sketches) inThe Polish Gazette.[13] He wrote a play,Na przebój, soon retitledNa jedną kartę (On a Single Card), later staged atLviv (1879) and, to better reception, at Warsaw (1881).[13] He also wrote a play for Modjeska, aimed at an American public,Z walki tutejszych partii (Partisan Struggles), but it was never performed or published, and the manuscript appears to be lost.[13]
On 24 March 1878 Sienkiewicz left the U.S. for Europe.[13] He first stayed in London, then for a year in Paris, delaying his return to Poland due to rumors of possible conscription into theImperial Russian Army on the eve of a predicted new war with Turkey.[13]
In April 1879 Sienkiewicz returned to Polish soil.[13] InLwów he gave a lecture that was not well attended: "Z Nowego Jorku do Kalifornii" ("From New York to California").[13][16] Subsequent lectures inSzczawnica andKrynica in July–August that year, and in Warsaw andPoznań the following year, were much more successful.[13][17] In late summer 1879 he went to Venice and Rome, which he toured for the next few weeks, on 7 November 1879 returning to Warsaw.[13] There he met Maria Szetkiewicz, whom he married on 18 August 1881.[13] The marriage was reportedly a happy one.[17] The couple had two children, Henryk Józef (1882–1959) and Jadwiga Maria (1883–1969).[13] It was a short-lived marriage, however, because on 18 August 1885 Maria died oftuberculosis.[18]
In 1879 the first collected edition of Sienkiewicz's works was published, in four volumes; the series would continue until 1917, ending with a total of 17 volumes.[13] He also continued writing journalistic pieces, mainly inThe Polish Gazette andNiwa.[13] In 1881 he published a favorable review of the first collected edition of works byBolesław Prus.[17]
In 1880 Sienkiewicz wrote a historical novella,Niewola tatarska (Tartar Captivity).[13] In late 1881 he became editor-in-chief of a new Warsaw newspaper,Słowo (The Word).[17] This substantially improved his finances.[17] The year 1882 saw him heavily engaged in the running of the newspaper, in which he published a number of columns and short stories.[17] Soon, however, he lost interest in the journalistic aspect and decided to focus more on his literary work.[17] He paid less and less attention to his post of editor-in-chief, resigning it in 1887 but remaining editor of the paper's literary section until 1892.[18]
From 1883 he increasingly shifted his focus from short pieces to historical novels.[17] He began work on the historical novel,Ogniem i Mieczem (With Fire and Sword). Initially titledWilcze gniazdo (The Wolf's Lair), it appeared inserial installments inThe Word from May 1883 to March 1884.[17][18] It also ran concurrently in the Kraków newspaper,Czas (Time).[17]
Sienkiewicz soon began writing the second volume of his Trilogy,Potop (The Deluge).[18] It ran inThe Word from December 1884 to September 1886.[18] Beginning in 1884, Sienkiewicz accompanied his wife Maria to foreignsanatoriums.[18] After her death, he kept on traveling Europe, leaving his children with his late wife's parents though he often returned to Poland, particularly staying for long periods in Warsaw andKraków beginning in the 1890s.[18][19] After his return to Warsaw in 1887, the third volume of hisTrilogy appeared –Pan Wołodyjowski (Sir Michael) – running inThe Word from May 1887 to May 1888.[18] The Trilogy established Sienkiewicz as the most popular contemporary Polish writer.[18]
Sienkiewicz received 15,000rubles, in recognition of his achievements, from an unknown admirer who signed himself "Michał Wołodyjowski" after the Trilogy character.[18] Sienkiewicz used the money to set up a fund, named for his wife and supervised by theAcademy of Learning, to aid artists endangered by tuberculosis.[18]
In 1886, he visitedConstantinople; in 1888,Spain.[18] At the end of 1890 he went to Africa, resulting inListy z Afryki (Letters from Africa, published inThe Word in 1891–92, then collected as a book in 1893).[18] The turn of the 1880s and 1890s was associated with intensive work on several novels. In 1891 his novelWithout dogma (Bez Dogmatu), previously serialized in 1889–90 inThe Word, was published in book form.[19] In 1892 Sienkiewicz signed an agreement for another novel, Rodzina Połanieckich (Children of the Soil), which was serialized inThe Polish Gazette from 1893 and came out in book form in 1894.[19]
Sienkiewicz had several romances, and in 1892 Maria Romanowska-Wołodkowicz, stepdaughter of a wealthyOdessan, entered his life.[19] He and Romanowska became engaged there in 1893 and married in Kraków on 11 November.[19] Just two weeks later, however, his bride left him; Sienkiewicz blamed "in-law intrigues". On 13 December 1895 he obtainedpapal consent to dissolution of the marriage.[19] In 1904 hemarried his niece, Maria Babska.[19]
Sienkiewicz maintained some ties with Polish right-wingNational Democracy politicians and was critical of the socialists, but he was generally a moderate and declined to become a politician and a deputy to theRussian Duma.[22][24] In the cultural sphere, he was involved in the creation of theKraków andWarsaw monuments to Adam Mickiewicz.[20] He supported educational endeavors and co-founded the Polska Macierz Szkolna organization.[24] "Reasonably wealthy" by 1908 thanks to sales of his books, he often used his new wealth to support struggling writers.[20] He helped gather funds for social-welfare projects such as starvation relief, and for construction of a tuberculosis sanatorium atZakopane.[20] He was as prominent in philanthropy as in literature.[6]
In February 1895 he wrote the first chapters ofQuo Vadis. The novel was serialized beginning in March 1895 in Warsaw'sPolish Gazette, Kraków'sCzas (Time), andPoznań'sDziennik Poznański (Poznań Daily).[25] The novel was finished by March 1896.[25] The book edition appeared later the same year and soon gained international renown.[25] In February 1897 he began serializing a new novel,Krzyżacy (TheTeutonic Knights, or The Knights of the Cross); serialization finished in 1900, and the book edition appeared that year.[25]
In 1900, with a three-year delay due to the approaching centenary ofMickiewicz's birth, Sienkiewicz celebrated his own quarter-century, begun in 1872, as a writer.[20] Special events were held in a number of Polish cities, including Kraków, Lwów, and Poznań.[20] A jubilee committee presented him with a gift from the Polish people: an estate atOblęgorek, nearKielce,[20] where he later opened a school for children.[26]
In 1905 he won the Nobel Prize for his lifetime achievements as an epic writer.[20][27][28] In his acceptance speech, he said this honor was of particular value to a son of Poland: "She was pronounced dead – yet here is proof that she lives on.... She was pronounced defeated – and here is proof that she is victorious."[29]
His social and political activities resulted in a diminished literary output.[21] He wrote a new historical novel,Na polu chwały (On the Field of Glory), that was meant as the beginning of a new trilogy; it was, however, criticized as being a lesser version of his originalTrilogy and was discontinued.[21] Similarly, his contemporary novelWiry (Whirlpools), 1910, which criticized some of Sienkiewicz's political opponents, received a mostly polemical and politicized response.[30] His 1910 novel for young people,W pustyni i w puszczy (In Desert and Wilderness), serialized inKurier Warszawski (The Warsaw Courier), finishing in 1911, was much better received and became widely popular among children and young adults.[30]
After the outbreak ofWorld War I, Sienkiewicz was visited at Oblęgorek by aPolish Legions cavalry unit underBolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski.[30] Soon after, he left for Switzerland.[30] Together withIgnacy Paderewski and Erazm Piltz, he established an organization for Polish war relief.[30] He also supported the work of theRed Cross.[22] Otherwise he eschewed politics though shortly before his death he endorsed theAct of 5th November 1916, a declaration by Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria and king of Hungary, pledging the creation of a Kingdom of Poland envisioned as a puppet state allied with, and controlled by, the Central Powers.[30]
In 1924, after Poland had regained her independence, Sienkiewicz's remains were repatriated toWarsaw, Poland, and placed in the crypt ofSt. John's Cathedral.[31] During the coffin's transit, solemn memorial ceremonies were held in a number of cities.[31] Thousands accompanied the coffin to its Warsaw resting place, and Poland's PresidentStanisław Wojciechowski delivered a eulogy.[31]
His first work, "Victim", was written between 1865 and 1866 and is only known because of a letter in which he told to his friend that he burned the book simply because he was not satisfied with it.
Sienkiewicz's early works (e.g., the 1872Humoreski z teki Woroszyłły) show him a strong supporter ofPolish Positivism, endorsing constructive, practical characters such as engineers.[5] Polish "Positivism" advocated economic and social modernization and deprecated armedirredentist struggle.[22] Unlike most other Polish Positivist writers, Sienkiewicz was a conservative.[22] His Little Trilogy (Stary Sługa, 1875;Hania, 1876;Selim Mirza, 1877) shows his interest inPolish history and his literary maturity, including fine mastery of humor and drama.[12][13] His early works focused on three themes: the oppression and poverty of the peasants ("Charcoal Sketches", 1877); criticism of the partitioning powers ("Z pamiętnika korepetytora", "Janko Muzykant" ["Janko the Musician"], 1879); and his voyage to the United States ("Za chlebem", "For Bread", 1880).[13] His most common motif was the plight of the powerless: impoverished peasants, schoolchildren, and emigrants.[13]
His "Latarnik" ("TheLighthouse keeper", 1881) has been described as one of the best Polish short stories.[13] His 1882 stories "Bartek Zwycięzca" ("Bart the Conqueror") and "Sachem" draw parallels between the tragic fates of their heroes and that of the occupied Polish nation.[17]
His novelWith Fire and Sword (1883–84) was enthusiastically received by readers (as were the next two volumes ofThe Trilogy), becoming an "instant classic", though critical reception was lukewarm.[17][18][22][32] The Trilogy is set in 17th-century Poland.[22] While critics generally praised its style, they noted that some historic facts are misrepresented or distorted.[17][18][32] The Trilogy merged elements of theepic and the historical novel, infused with special features of Sienkiewicz's style.[18] The Trilogy's patriotism worried the censors; Warsaw's Russian censor I. Jankul warned Sienkiewicz that he would not allow publication of any further works of his dealing with Polish history.[19]
Sienkiewicz's family coat-of-arms,Oszyk, was a variant of thisŁabędź (Swan) coat-of-arms.
Sienkiewicz'sWithout dogma (Bez dogmatu, 1889–90) was a notable artistic experiment, a self-analytical novel written as a fictitious diary.[19] His works of the period are critical ofdecadent andnaturalistic philosophies.[25] He had expressed his opinions on naturalism and writing, generally, early on in "O naturaliźmie w powieści" ("Naturalism in the Novel", 1881).[13] A dozen years later, in 1893, he wrote that novels should strengthen and ennoble life, rather than undermining and debasing it.[25] Later, in the early 1900s, he fell into mutual hostility with theYoung Poland movement in Polish literature.[24]
These views informed his novelQuo Vadis (1896).[25] This story ofearly Christianity in Rome, with protagonists struggling against theEmperor Nero's regime, draws parallels between repressed early Christians and contemporary Poles; and, due to its focus on Christianity, it became widely popular in the ChristianWest.[33] The triumph of spiritual Christianity over materialist Rome was a critique of materialism and decadence, and also an allegory for the strength of the Polish spirit.[25]
HisTeutonic Knights returned to Poland's history,[25] describing theBattle of Grunwald (1410), a Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Knights in thePolish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War. Both in German and Polish culture the Teutonic Knights were incorrectly viewed as precursors to modern Germans while the Polish-Lithuanian union was regarded as a model for a future independent Polish state. These assumptions tied in well with the contemporary political context of ongoingGermanization efforts inGerman Poland.[25][32] So, the book quickly became another Sienkiewicz bestseller in Poland, and was received by critics better than his Trilogy had been; it was also applauded by the Polish right-wing, anti-GermanNational Democracy political movement, and became part of the Polish school curriculum after Poland regained independence in 1918.[32][34]
It is often incorrectly asserted that Sienkiewicz received his Nobel Prize forQuo Vadis.[27][28] WhileQuo Vadis is the novel that brought him international fame,[35] theNobel Prize does not name any particular novel, instead citing "his outstanding merits as an epic writer".[36]
Sienkiewicz often carried out substantial historic research for his novels, but he was selective in the findings that made it into the novels. Thus, for example, he prioritized Polish military victories over defeats.[18] Sienkiewicz kept a diary, but it has beenlost.[30] A life of him written in English byMonica M. Gardner was published in 1926.
About the turn of the 20th century, Sienkiewicz was the most popular writer in Poland, and one of the most popular in Germany, France, Russia, and the English-speaking world.[25] The Trilogy went through many translations;With Fire and Sword saw at least 26 in his lifetime.[25]Quo Vadis became extremely popular, in at least 40 different language translations, including English-language editions totaling a million copies.[25] The American translatorJeremiah Curtin has been credited with helping popularize his works abroad.[33] However, as Russia (of which Sienkiewicz was a citizen) was not a signatory to theBerne Convention, he rarely received anyroyalties from the translations.[20]
Already in his lifetime his works were adapted for theatrical, operatic and musical presentations and for the emerging film industry.[25][31] Writers and poets devoted works to him, or used him or his works as inspiration.[20] Painters created works inspired by Sienkiewicz's novels, and their works were gathered in Sienkiewicz-themed albums and exhibitions.[25] The names of his characters were given to a variety of products.[25] The popularity ofQuo Vadis in France, where it was the best-selling book of 1900, is shown by the fact that horses competing in aGrand Prix de Paris event were named for characters in the book.[37] In the United States,Quo Vadis sold 800,000 copies in eighteen months.[33] To avoid intrusive journalists and fans, Sienkiewicz sometimes traveled incognito.[25]
Named for Sienkiewicz, in Poland, are numerous streets and squares (the first street to bear his name was in Lwów, in 1907).[21][31] Named for him isBiałystok'sOsiedle Sienkiewicza; city parks inWrocław,Łódź, andWłocławek; and over 70 schools in Poland.[31] He has statues in a number of Polish cities, including Warsaw'sŁazienki Park (the first statue was erected atZbaraż, now in Ukraine),[31] and in Rome[40] A Sienkiewcz Mound stands atOkrzeja, near his birthplace,Wola Okrzejska.[31] He has been featured on a number of postage stamps.[31]
There are three museums dedicated to him in Poland.[31] The first, the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblęgorek (his residence), opened in 1958.[41] The second, founded in 1966, is in his birthplace: the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Wola Okrzejska.[42] The third opened in 1978 at Poznań.[31]
InRome (Italy), in the small church of"Domine Quo Vadis", there is a bronze bust of Henryk Sienkiewicz. It is said that Sienkiewicz was inspired to write his novelQuo Vadis while sitting in this church.
Outside Poland, Sienkiewicz's popularity declined beginning in theinterbellum, except forQuo Vadis, which retained relative fame thanks to several film adaptations, includinga notable American one in 1951.[31][33] In Poland his works are still widely read; he is seen as a classic author, and his works are often required reading in schools.[31] They have also been adapted for Polish films and television series.[31]
The first critical analyses of his works were published in his lifetime.[24][31] He has been the subject of a number of biographies.[31] His works have received criticism, in his lifetime and since, as being simplistic: a view expressed notably by the 20th-century Polish novelist and dramatistWitold Gombrowicz, who described Sienkiewicz as a "first-rate second-rate writer".[31][34]Vasily Rozanov describedQuo Vadis as "not a work of art", but a "crude factory-madeoleograph", whileAnton Chekhov called Sienkiewicz's writing "sickeningly cloying and clumsy".[43] Nonetheless, the Polish historian of literatureHenryk Markiewicz, writing thePolski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary) entry on Sienkiewicz (1997), describes him as a master of Polish prose, as the foremost Polish writer of historical fiction, and as Poland's internationally best-known writer.[31]
The Deluge (Potop, 1886) depicts the 17th-century Swedish invasion of Poland,the "Deluge"; the novel has been made into afeature film of the same title.
Sir Michael (Pan Wołodyjowski, 1888) depicts Poland's struggle against theOttoman Empire, invading Poland in 1668–1672; the novel has been made into a feature film,Colonel Wołodyjowski.
The Polaniecki Family, a.k.a.Children of the Soil (Rodzina Połanieckich, 1894) – in Warsaw (the city, the place of doing business) and its main character is a merchant and entrepreneur (an engineer by education, a nobleman by birth), Stanisław Połaniecki who marries an impoverished noblewoman Marynia, née Pławicka. From a ruthless businessman and an unfaithful husband who subordinates moral values to his goals and whims, he changes into a landowner who honours traditional values. The image of the Połanieckis' marriage presented in the work focuses mainly on the experience of the relationship by both spouses. The descriptions mainly concern the spouses while little is said about marriage as a relationship. Sienkiewicz focuses more on the description of Połaniecki than his wife. It is his figure that is outlined in more detail and comprehensively. Połaniecka is presented mainly as an ideal wife.
Whirlpools (Wiry, 1910) – a critical attitude towards the socialist movement is expressed.
In Desert and Wilderness (W pustyni i w puszczy, 1912) – the adventures of a Polish boy, Staś, and a younger English girl, Nell, in Africa during theMahdist War of 1881–99.
Legions (1914 – Unfinished) – in the Polish lands of the Prussian partition. Two friends: Marek Kwiatkowski and Stanisław Cywiński decide to enlist in the Polish legions that are formed in Italy and fight alongside Napoleon Bonaparte against Austria. The author presents the sociopolitical and moral situation in the Polish lands under the Prussian partition. The reader observes the everyday life of various social groups, their attitudes towards the occupying authorities, as well as their views on national issues. In the further part of the novel, the situation of Polish legionnaires in Italy after the conclusion of the Campo Formio peace (1797) between the French Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy.
^Andrzej Kulikowski. Heraldyka szlachecka. 1990. p. 89. Quote: "Rodzina Sienkiewiczów vel Sieńkiewiczów wywodzi się z tatarów zawołżańskich, zapisani do tzw. Chorągwi juszyńskiej – były to dolne szczeble w drabinie hierarchicznej utytułowanych rodów tatarskich. Według dokumentu wydanego w Radomiu 6 lutego 1782 protoplastą tej rodziny był Piotr Oszyk Sienkiewicz."
^Jan Ciechanowicz. Rody rycerskie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. 2001. p. 72. Quote: "Sienkiewicz herbu Oszyk, 1775 nobilitowany: Sienkiewicze trockie, podolskie, Królestwo Polskie. Gałąź rodziny tatarskiej osiadłej na Litwie, przyjęła chrzest i uzyskała nobilitację z herbem Oszyk w osobie Michała Sienkiewicza. Z tej rodziny: Henryk 1847–1916, powieściopisarz"
^Stefan Majchrowski (1966).Pan Sienkiewicz. Ludowa Spóldzielnia Wydawnicza. p. 456. Retrieved12 May 2013.
^See Wikimedia Commons 26 March 2012 photo by user:Muhammad: [File:Sienkiewicz in rome.JPG].
^Producer – strony www, cms, social media, producer.pl."Muzeum Narodowe w Kielcach". Sienkiewicz.mnki.pl. Retrieved14 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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