Henry Morgenthau Sr. | |
|---|---|
 Morgenthau,c. 1913 | |
| 4thUnited States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire | |
| In office December 11, 1913 – February 1, 1916 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | William W. Rockhill |
| Succeeded by | Abram I. Elkus |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1856-04-26)April 26, 1856 |
| Died | November 25, 1946(1946-11-25) (aged 90) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Josephine Sykes |
| Children | |
| Relatives |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Profession | Lawyer, diplomat |
Henry Morgenthau (/ˈmɔːrɡəntaʊ/; April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was a German-born American lawyer and businessman, best known for his role as theambassador to the Ottoman Empire duringWorld War I. Morgenthau was one of the most prominent Americans who spoke about theGreek genocide and theArmenian genocide[1] of which he stated, "I am firmly convinced that this is the greatest crime of the ages."[2]
Morgenthau was the father of the politicianHenry Morgenthau Jr. His grandchildren includeRobert M. Morgenthau,District Attorney ofManhattan for 35 years, andBarbara W. Tuchman, a historian who earned thePulitzer Prize for her bookThe Guns of August.
Morgenthau was born the ninth of 11 living children, inMannheim,Baden (present-dayBaden-Württemberg,Germany), in 1856 into anAshkenazi Jewish family. He was the son of Lazarus and Babette (Guggenheim) Morgenthau.[3] His father was a successful cigar manufacturer who had cigar factories atMannheim,Lorsch, andHeppenheim, employing as many as 1,000 people (Mannheim had a population of 21,000 during this period). His business suffered a severe financial setback during theAmerican Civil War, due to an 1862 tobacco tariff on imports, which closed German tobacco exports to the US for good.
The Morgenthau family immigrated to New York in 1866. There, despite considerable savings, his father was not able to re-establish himself in business. His development and marketing of various inventions, as well as his investments in other enterprises, failed. Lazarus Morgenthau staved off failure and stabilized his income by becoming a fundraiser for Jewish houses of worship. Henry attendedCity College of New York, where he received hisBA, and laterColumbia Law School.
Morgenthau initially built a successful career as a lawyer. During his life he served as a leader of theReform Jewish community in New York.[4]
He began his career as a lawyer, but he made a substantial fortune in real estate investments.[5] In 1898, he acquired 41 lots on New York's Lower East Side from William Waldorf Astor for $850,000.[6] A few years later, he led a syndicate that bought a swath of undeveloped land in Washington Heights around 181st Street, anticipating the construction of the first subway through the area.[7] In 1899 he left his law practice and became president of theCentral Realty, Bond & Trust Company. He was president of the Henry Morgenthau Company from 1905 to 1913.[8]
Morgenthau married Josephine Sykes in 1882 and they had four children:Helen,Alma,Henry Jr. and Ruth.[9] His daughter Helen - a noted garden writer who broadcast on radio & television and lectured on horticulture[10]- married Mortimer J. Fox an architect, banker and landscape artist.[11] His daughter Alma - an art collector and patron of the arts & music - married investment banker, art collector and philanthropistMaurice Wertheim.[12] His daughter Ruth married banker and philanthropist George Washington Naumburg[13] She was also a civic leader supporting the arts and music. Ruth founded Fountain House, a home in NYC to assist those with schizophrenia and men leaving jail. It was a residence that pioneered providing psychological counseling to people, and developed the novel concept of looking after the community's mental health. She was also a board member of the Manhattan School of Music, and there she established a fund to assist troubled students at the school, which still operates. In Pound Ridge, NY she co-founded the town's library and gave it an additional reading room, and then at her death, she donated the Henry Morgenthau Preserve, Pound Ridge, NY, in her father's memory.[14][15]
A nephew of Henry's, Robert E. Simon, (1877-1935)[1] worked directly with Morgenthau, prior to and in his real estate business [Henry Morgenthau & Co] for fourteen years (1905-1919). But his work in real estate, with Henry & others, continued until his early death. Highlights include when Henry & Robert advised and assisted Adolph Ochs, a dear family friend of Henry's, in the purchase of Longacre Square in 1902.[16] The site became Times Square with a new building there for the newspaper (1903-05).[17][18] A second highlight is Robert Simon's purchase of Carnegie Hall from Louise Whitfield Carnegie in 1925.[19][20][21] Ownership was retained until Lincoln Center's Philharmonic /Avery Fisher/ now David Geffen Hall construction was agreed upon and soon opened.[22][23] Coupled with those changes, were the NY Philharmonic's transferred location to the new hall (1962).
So, Robert E. Simon Jr. then sold Carnegie Hall in 1960. He substantially reduced the price of the Carnegie Hall sale, [by $500,000] to help Issac Stern's committee and NYC purchase and save the building.[24] Simon then used the funds yielded to buy and construct Reston, VA - [name came from / Robert E. Simon's town][25] Reston pioneered the inventive use of shared open space, and it explored a breaking of the mold and formulaic approach for suburban development, up to that time.
Morgenthau's career enabled him to contribute handsomely to PresidentWoodrow Wilson's election campaign in 1912. He had first met Wilson in 1911 at a dinner celebrating the fourth anniversary of the founding of theFree Synagogue society and the two "seem to have bonded", marking the "turning point in Morgenthau's political career".[26] His role in American politics grew more pronounced in later months. Although he did not gain the chairmanship of Wilson's campaign finance committee, Morgenthau was offered the position of ambassador to theOttoman Empire. He had hoped for a cabinet post as well, but was not successful in gaining one.
As an early Wilson supporter, Morgenthau assumed that Wilson would appoint him to a cabinet-level position, but the new president had other plans for him. Like other prominent Jewish Americans (Oscar Straus andSolomon Hirsch before him), Morgenthau was appointed as ambassador to theOttoman Empire. Wilson's assumption that Jews somehow represented a bridge between Muslim Turks and Christian Armenians rankled Morgenthau; in reply, Wilson assured him that thePorte in Constantinople "was the point at which the interest of American Jews in the welfare of the Jews ofPalestine is focused, and it is almost indispensable that I have a Jew in that post". Though no Zionist himself, Morgenthau cared "fervidly" about the plight of his co-religionists.[27] He initially rejected the position, but following a trip to Europe, and with the encouragement of hispro-Zionist friend RabbiStephen Wise, he reconsidered his decision and accepted Wilson's offer.[28] Appointed asU.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1913, he served in this position until 1916.
Although the safety of American citizens in the Ottoman Empire, mostly Christian missionaries and Jews, loomed large early in his ambassadorship, Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by theArmenian Question.[29] After the outbreak ofwar in 1914, the U.S. remained neutral, so the American Embassy – and by extension Morgenthau – additionally represented many of the Allies' interests inConstantinople, since they had withdrawn their diplomatic missions after the beginning of hostilities. As Ottoman authorities began theArmenian genocide in 1914–1915, the American consuls residing in different parts of the Empire flooded Morgenthau's desk with reports nearly every hour,[30] documenting the massacres and deportation marches taking place. Faced with the accumulating evidence, he officially informed the U.S. government of the activities of the Ottoman government and asked Washington to intervene.[31]
The American government however, not wanting to get dragged into disputes, remained a neutral power in the conflict at the time and voiced little official reaction. Morgenthau held high-level meetings with the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to help alleviate the position of the Armenians, but the Turks waived and ignored his protestations. He famously admonished the Ottoman Interior MinisterTalaat Pasha, stating: "Our people will never forget these massacres."[32] As the massacres continued unabated, Morgenthau and several other Americans decided to form a public fund-raising committee to assist the Armenians – the Committee on Armenian Atrocities (later renamed theNear East Relief) – raising over $100 million in aid, the equivalent of $1 billion today. Through his friendship withAdolph Ochs, publisher ofThe New York Times, Morgenthau also ensured that the massacres continued to receive prominent coverage.The New York Times published 145 articles in 1915 alone.[33]
Exasperated with his relationship with the Ottoman government, he resigned from the ambassadorship in 1916. Looking back on that decision in his memoirAmbassador Morgenthau's Story, he wrote he had come to see the Ottoman Empire as "a place of horror. I had reached the end of my resources. I found intolerable my further daily association with men, however gracious and accommodating…who were still reeking with the blood of nearly a million human beings."[34] He published his conversations with Ottoman leaders and his account of the Armenian genocide inAmbassador Morgenthau's Story, which appeared in the end of 1918.[35]
In June 1917Felix Frankfurter accompanied Morgenthau, as a representative of the War Department, on a secret mission to persuade the Ottoman Empire to abandon theCentral Powers in the war effort. The mission had as its stated purpose to "ameliorate the condition of the Jewish communities in Palestine".[36] In 1918 Morgenthau gave public speeches in the United States warning that the Greeks and Assyrians were being subjected to the "same methods" of deportation and "wholesale massacre" as the Armenians, and that two million Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians had already perished.[37]
Following the war, there was much interest and preparation within the Jewish community for the forthcomingParis Peace Conference, by groups both supportive and opposed to the concept of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In March 1919, as President Woodrow Wilson was leaving for the Conference, Morgenthau was among 31 prominent Jewish Americans to sign an anti-Zionist petition presented by U.S. CongressmanJulius Kahn;[38] he and many other prominent Jewish representatives attended the Conference. Morgenthau served as an advisor regarding Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and later worked with war-related charitable bodies, including the Relief Committee for the Middle East, the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission and theAmerican Red Cross. In 1919, he headed the United States government fact-finding mission to Poland, which produced theMorgenthau Report. In 1933, he was the American representative at theGeneva Conference.[citation needed]
InSecrets of the Bosphorus, Morgenthau includes many passages that show Turks, Muslims, and Ottoman society in negative and stereotypical ways. He often describes Turks as “primitive,” “barbarous,” or “savage.” He also portrays Islam as naturally violent or hostile toward Christians. Morgenthau assigns broad racial traits to Turks, implying they lacked civilization, culture, and moral qualities.[39]
Morgenthau died in 1946 at age 90 following acerebral hemorrhage, inNew York City, and was buried inHawthorne, New York. His sonHenry Morgenthau Jr. was aSecretary of the Treasury from 1934 to July 1945. His daughter,Alma Wertheim, had married bankerMaurice Wertheim in 1909 and was the mother of historianBarbara Tuchman. His daughterRuth Morgenthau was married to banker George W. Naumburg (son ofElkan Naumburg), and then John Knight.[40]
Morgenthau published several books. TheLibrary of Congress holds some 30,000 documents from his personal papers, including:
InTerry George's 2016 dramaThe Promise, set in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Morgenthau is played byJames Cromwell.[41]
| Diplomatic posts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | United States Ambassador to Turkey 1913–1916 | Succeeded by |
| Chargé d'Affaires | |
|---|---|
| Minister Resident | |
| Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | |
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | |
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | |
