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Henry IV, Part 2 is ahistory play byWilliam Shakespeare believed to have been written between 1596 and 1599. It is the third part of atetralogy, preceded byRichard II andHenry IV, Part 1 and succeeded byHenry V.
The play is often seen as an extension of aspects ofHenry IV, Part 1, rather than a straightforward continuation of the historical narrative, placing more emphasis on the highly popular character ofFalstaff and introducing other comic figures as part of his entourage, includingAncient Pistol,Doll Tearsheet, and JusticeRobert Shallow. Several scenes specifically parallel episodes inPart 1.
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The play picks up whereHenry IV, Part 1 left off. Its focus is onPrince Hal's journey toward kingship, and his ultimate rejection ofFalstaff. However, unlikePart One, Hal's and Falstaff's stories are almost entirely separate, as the two characters meet only twice and very briefly. The tone of much of the play is elegiac, focusing on Falstaff's age and his closeness to death, which parallels that of the increasingly sick king.
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Falstaff is still drinking and engaging in petty criminality in the London underworld. He first appears followed by a new character, a young page whom Prince Hal has assigned him as a joke. Falstaff enquires what the doctor has said about the analysis of hisurine, and the page cryptically informs him that the urine is healthier than the patient. Falstaff delivers one of his most characteristic lines: "I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other men." Falstaff promises to outfit the page in "vile apparel" (ragged clothing). He then complains of his insolvency, blaming it on "consumption of the purse." They go off, Falstaff vowing to find a wife "in the stews" (i.e., the local brothels).
The Lord Chief Justice enters, looking for Falstaff. Falstaff at first feigns deafness in order to avoid conversing with him, and when this tactic fails pretends to mistake him for someone else. As the Chief Justice attempts to question Falstaff about a recent robbery, Falstaff insists on turning the subject of the conversation to the nature of the illness afflicting the King. He then adopts the pretense of being a much younger man than the Chief Justice: "You that are old consider not the capacities of us that are young." Finally, he asks the Chief Justice for one thousand pounds to help outfit a military expedition, but is denied.
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He has a relationship withDoll Tearsheet, a prostitute, who gets into a fight withAncient Pistol, Falstaff's ensign. After Falstaff ejects Pistol, Doll asks him about the Prince. Falstaff is embarrassed when his derogatory remarks are overheard by Hal, who is present disguised as a musician. Falstaff tries to talk his way out of it, but Hal is unconvinced. When news of a second rebellion arrives, Falstaff joins the army again, and goes to the country to raise forces. There he encounters an old school friend, Justice Shallow, and they reminisce about their youthful follies. Shallow brings forward potential recruits for the loyalist army: Mouldy, Bullcalf, Feeble, Shadow and Wart, a motley collection of rustic yokels. Falstaff and his cronies accept bribes from two of them, Mouldy and Bullcalf, not to be conscripted.
In the other storyline, Hal remains an acquaintance of London lowlife and seems unsuited to kingship. His father,King Henry IV is again disappointed in the young prince because of that, despite reassurances from the court. Another rebellion is launched against Henry IV, but this time it is defeated, not by a battle, but by the duplicitous political machinations of Hal's brother, Prince John. King Henry then sickens and appears to die. Hal, seeing this, believes he is King and exits with the crown. King Henry, awakening, is devastated, thinking Hal cares only about becoming King. Hal convinces him otherwise and the old king subsequently dies contentedly, shortly after imparting to his son his final advice: to neutralize internal threats by waging war abroad ("Be it thy course to busy giddy minds / With foreign quarrels").[a]
The two story-lines meet in the final scene, in which Falstaff, having learned from Pistol that Hal is now King, travels to London in expectation of great rewards. But Hal rejects him, saying that he has now changed, and can no longer associate with such people. The London lowlifes, expecting a paradise of thieves under Hal's governance, are instead purged and imprisoned by the authorities.
At the end of the play, anepilogue thanks the audience and promises that the story will continue in a forthcoming play "with Sir John in it, and make you merry with fair Katharine of France; where, for all I know, Falstaff shall die of a sweat". Although Falstaff does "die of a sweat" in the subsequent play,Henry V, it is in London at the beginning of the play. His death is offstage, described by another character and he never appears on stage.The Merry Wives of Windsor does have "Sir John in it", but cannot be the play referred to, since the passage clearly describes the forthcoming story of Henry V and his wooing of Katherine of France inHenry V. Falstaff's role as a cowardly soldier looking out for himself is taken by Ancient Pistol, his braggart sidekick inHenry IV, Part 2 andMerry Wives.
The epilogue also assures the playgoer that Falstaff is not based on the anti-Catholic rebelSir John Oldcastle, for "Oldcastle died martyr, and this is not the man". Falstaff had originally been named Oldcastle, following Shakespeare's main model, an earlier playThe Famous Victories of Henry V. Shakespeare was forced to change the name after complaints from Oldcastle's descendants. While it is accepted by modern critics that the name was originally Oldcastle in Part 1, it is disputed whether or not Part 2 initially retained the name, or whether it was always "Falstaff". According to René Weis, metrical analyses of the verse passages containing Falstaff's name have been inconclusive.[3]
Shakespeare's primary source forHenry IV, Part 2, as for most of his chronicle histories, wasRaphael Holinshed'sChronicles; the publication of the second edition in 1587 provides aterminus a quo for the play.Edward Hall'sThe Union of the Two Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York appears also to have been consulted, and scholars have also supposed Shakespeare to have been familiar withSamuel Daniel's poem on the civil wars.[4]
Henry IV, Part 2 is believed to have been written sometime between 1596 and 1599. It is possible that Shakespeare interrupted his composition ofHenry IV, Part 2 somewhere around Act 3–4, so as to concentrate on writingThe Merry Wives of Windsor, which may have been commissioned for an annual meeting of theOrder of the Garter, possibly the one held on 23 April 1597.[5]
The play was entered into theRegister of theStationers' Company on 23 August 1600 by the booksellersAndrew Wise andWilliam Aspley. The play was published inquarto the same year (printing byValentine Simmes). Less popular thanHenry IV, Part 1, this was the only quarto edition. The play next saw print in theFirst Folio in 1623.
The quarto's title page states that the play had been "sundry times publicly acted" before publication. Extant records suggest that both parts ofHenry IV were acted at Court in 1612—the records rather cryptically refer to the plays asSir John Falstaff andHotspur. A defective record, apparently to theSecond part of Falstaff, may indicate a Court performance in 1619.[6]
The earliest extant manuscript text of scenes fromHenry IV, Part 2 can be found in theDering Manuscript (Folger MS V.b.34), a theatrical abridgment of both parts ofHenry IV prepared around 1623.
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Part 2 is generally seen as a less successful play thanPart 1. Its structure, in which Falstaff and Hal barely meet, can be criticised as undramatic. Some critics believe that Shakespeare never intended to write a sequel, and that he was hampered by a lack of remaining historical material with the result that the comic scenes come across as mere "filler". However, the scenes involving Falstaff and Justice Shallow are admired for their touching elegiac comedy, and the scene of Falstaff's rejection can be extremely powerful onstage.
The criticHarold Bloom has suggested the two parts ofHenry IV along with the Hostess' elegy for Sir John inHenry V may be Shakespeare's greatest achievement.[7]
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There have been three BBC television films ofHenry IV, Part 2. In the 1960 mini-seriesAn Age of Kings,Tom Fleming starred as Henry IV, withRobert Hardy as Prince Hal andFrank Pettingell as Falstaff.[8] The 1979BBC Television Shakespeare version starredJon Finch as Henry IV,David Gwillim as Prince Hal andAnthony Quayle as Falstaff.[9] In the 2012 seriesThe Hollow Crown,Henry IV, Part I and Part II were directed byRichard Eyre and starredJeremy Irons as Henry IV,Tom Hiddleston as Prince Hal andSimon Russell Beale as Falstaff.[10]
Orson Welles'Chimes at Midnight (1965) compiles the twoHenry IV plays into a single, condensed storyline, while adding a handful of scenes fromHenry V and dialogue fromRichard II andThe Merry Wives of Windsor. The film stars Welles himself as Falstaff,John Gielgud as King Henry,Keith Baxter as Hal,Margaret Rutherford as Mistress Quickly andNorman Rodway as Hotspur.
BBC Television's 1995Henry IV also combines the two Parts into one adaptation.Ronald Pickup played the King,David Calder Falstaff, andJonathan Firth Hal.
Gus Van Sant's 1991 filmMy Own Private Idaho is loosely based on both parts ofHenry IV.
The one-man hip-hop musicalClay is loosely based onHenry IV.[11]
In 2015, the Michigan Shakespeare Festival produced an award-winning combined production, directed and adapted by Janice L. Blixt of the two plays,[12] focusing on the relationship between Henry IV and Prince Hal.
In spring 2024,Robert Icke adapted and directed the play (along withHenry IV, PartI) into a new version calledPlayer Kings which starredIan McKellen as John Falstaff,Toheeb Jimoh as Hal andRichard Coyle as King Henry IV. The production ran at theNoël Coward Theatre, inLondon'sWest End before going on a UK tour.[13]
The Ultimate Edition ofMonty Python and the Holy Grail features subtitles correlating scenes in the film to lines from the play.[citation needed]
The king's openingsoliloquy of Act III, scene 1 concludes with the line, "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown", which is frequently quoted (and misquoted, as "Heavy is the head that wears the crown").[citation needed] It appears in the opening frame of the movieThe Queen.[citation needed].
It also appears in the movieThe Departed[14] where Jack Nicholson's character references the misquoted version, saying "Heavy lies the crown...sort of thing."
InSpider-Man: Far From Home,Nick Fury quotesHenry IV, Part 2 while handingPeter Parker the glasses the lateTony Stark wanted him to have. "Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. Stark said you wouldn't get that cause it's not aStar Wars reference." It reinforces the film's theme of Peter feeling like he's standing in the shadow of Tony Stark's legacy and feeling unable to live up to it.
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