Henrik Kalteisen | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Nidaros | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Nidaros |
| Appointed | 28 Feb 1452 |
| Term ended | 1458 |
| Predecessor | Aslak Bolt |
| Successor | Olav Trondsson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1390 |
| Died | 2 October 1464(1464-10-02) (aged 73–74) |
| Residence | Archbishop's Palace,Nidaros |
Henrik Kalteisen orHeinrich Kalteisen,O.P.,S.T.D. (probably around 1390, in Koblenz,Electorate of Trier – 2 October 1464, in same place[1] ), was a German theologian and, from 1452 to 1458, the 24thArchbishop of Nidaros inNorway.
The exact date of birth and parents of Heinrich Kalteisen are not known but he was probably from Koblenz in theElectorate of Trier (nowGermany). He belonged to theDominican Order. He studied at the Universities ofVienna andCologne, where he earned aMagister's degree and adoctorate. Until 1424 he wasinquisitor forMainz,Cambrai andLeuven.[1] From 1430 he held the title ofdoctor sacrae theologiae professor [ Latin, "Professor Doctor of Sacred Theology" ] and taught inMainz.[1] in 1433[2] he participated on behalf of theArchbishop of Mainz,Conrad III of Dhaun, in theCouncil of Basel, where he became known for his three speeches against theHussites during a disputation with the Hussite priest Ulrich from the Party ofSirotčí.
Kalteisen was a counselor forPope Eugene IV on the matters of theology and law and wasMaster of the Sacred Palace from 1439 to 1452.[3][4] He was a learned man with broad knowledge of theology andcanon law as well as ofRoman law,philosophy and history.[5] He filled his copy-books with copies of incoming letters and with drafts and copies of outgoing letters, many of which he himself composed and sent. These copy-books are the main reason for his enduring fame. He is also known to have written at least 50 works inLatin and several of his sermons have also been preserved.
After the death of ArchbishopAslak Bolt in 1450 it came down between theCathedral Chapter, the King and the Pope in a dispute over the right of succession to the throne of the Archbishop inNidaros. The Chapter had immediately chosen thecanon, Olav Trondsson, as the successor. The King of Denmark and Norway,Christian I of Denmark, protested the election. He wanted his followerMarcellus of Skálholt as the archbishop. He and the Cathedral Chapter took their dispute to an arbitration court and the court invalidated the election of Olav Trondsson. Under the pressure from the King, the chapter then voted for Marcellus. But the choice was rejected byPope Nicholas V because Marcellus was considered to be a swindler and adventurer.[note 1] On 27 February 1452, the Pope settled the matter with the appointment of Henrik Kalteisen[6] to keep his own man in the Church of Norway. Kalteisen paid for this appointment 800florins and a few other smaller amounts to the Papal Chamber.[7]
In the summer of 1452 Kalteisen travelled to firstCopenhagen and then Bergen. In Copenhagen, he was welcomed by the King. But, as soon as Kalteisen was gone, Christian I declared in his letters that he would not accept him as the Archbishop of Nidaros. Calling him "irreligious", he considered the rumors of his holiness and education to be exaggerated.[8] Meanwhile, in Bergen, Kalteisen spent the winter of 1452 and 1453 administrating his new archbisphoric. Most of his time was spent on numerous legal issues of the church in Norway and the parish business fromIceland, where he was known asHinrik Kaldajárn in Icelandic. On the morning ofPentecost Sunday, 20 May 1453, he was solemnly consecrated in Nidaros. He was well received by the Cathedral Chapter there but a couple of Norwegian monasteries did not wish to be under his jurisdiction.[9]
As it happened, the new archbishop lasted for only a few months in Nidaros; he neglected his new home, calling it a "barn". At that time, a war between Denmark andSweden was brewing. On his way toTrondheim for the consecration, the Archbishop and his companions were attacked on 25 April 1453 by the Swededish-Norwegian,Ørjan Karlson,[note 2] and his troops. The Archbishop and his men were able to fight them off. Ørjan and his men fled afterwards to his nativeJämtland. It is believed that the King of Sweden,Knut Knutsson, was behind this attack.[10] Therefore, after the consecration, Kalteisen moved to Bergen for safety.
Nevertheless, Kalteisen tried to take the initiative with plans to inspect not just the Cathedral Chapter but the whole Archdiocese. His copybooks showed that he invested a lot of effort in familiarizing himself with the circumstances of his Archdiocese. He made a number of decisions in ecclesiastical law but he found the time to write a little history of the diocese of theFaroe Islands. He was also planning to build the new cathedral in Nidaros.
Meanwhile, Marcellus had regained the confidence of the King and accused Kalteisen of incompetence in the office. So Christian I invited Kalteisen to come to Bergen for the arbitration, which turned into a violent altercation with Marcellus. Kalteisen invoked the authority of the Pope, while Marcellus took for the decrees of the Council of Basel and the privileges of the Norwegian Church for his own claim. In the end, the matter was referred to Pope Nicholas V. The King brought to theRiksråd of Norway the letter, in which he exaggerated the problems with the establishment of Kalteisen as the archbishop. He wrote that the Archbishop could not connect with the people and could not speak their language and threatened to close down the Norwegian Church, adding that the Archbishop's accusations against Marcellus were unfounded.[11] However, it is not certain that the letter to the Pope was actually sent but the King's intentions were clear. In his letter to KingAlfonso V of Aragon and Naples, Christian I wrote that he was thinking of converting to theRussian Orthodox Church.[12] He did not convert but, in the end, he was able to turn the NorwegianRiksrad and most of the Cathedral Chapter against the Archbishop. The Cathedral Chapter itself wrote to the Pope that Kalteisen had become so unpopular in Trondheim that he had to be rescued from physical abuse by the King's officers.[8]
But Kalteisen refused to put his position to the mercy of the King. He did agree to go to Rome and ask the Pope but he did not leave immediately. In the winter of 1453 and 1454, he was still in Norway, living inMarstrand (which did not become Swedish until 1658). In the summer of 1454 he went back to Copenhagen, where he had to appear before the Royal Council to account for his administration. He was put under enormous pressure to resign not only his office but also to propose to the Pope that he should return to Norway as thePapal legate and negotiate on his behalf the compensation for Marcellus. So Kalteisen personally went back to Rome and asked the Pope for the permission to resign. He told him that he had not been useful to the Church in Norway. He could not speak the Norwegian language and adapt to the Norwegian ways of everyday life, and his health was also suffering. The Pope refused the request but he sent him as aKreuzzugsprediger [ German, "crusade preacher" ] with the rank of Papal legate to Germany to encourage acrusade against theOttoman Turks.
In 1456 King Christian complained to the new Pope,Calixtus III that the Archbishop was a weak and sickly foreigner who would not speak the language and that he had refused the royal request to resign. This had led to unrest so great in the country that even Bishop Thorleiv Olafsson was murdered in Bergen.[13] It ceased after 7 June 1458, when the Pope decided to accept the request for the resignation and appointedOlav Trondsson as the new Archbishop of Nidaros. Kalteisen was appointed in June in the same year as theTitular Archbishop ofCaesarea in Cappadocia[14] and received a pension of 200 Rhenish florins, to be paid every six months.[15]
In 1463 Kalteisen returned to the now destroyed Dominican monastery[note 3] in Koblenz, where he died in the following year, on 2 October 1464. He was buried in the monastery church in front of the altar ofSt. Olav, which he himself had installed.
