Guillaume Henri Dufour | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Dufour by his daughter Anne Octavie L'Hardy Dufour (1818–1891), after 1840 | |
| Born | (1787-09-15)15 September 1787 |
| Died | 14 July 1875(1875-07-14) (aged 87) |
| Allegiance |  France(1811–1817) Switzerland(1817–1875) |
| Branch | French Army Swiss Army |
| Years of service | 1811–1875 |
| Rank | Captain (France) General (Switzerland) |
| Commands | Swiss Army Federal Office of Topography |
| Battles / wars | Napoleonic Wars Sonderbund War |
| Awards | Légion d'Honneur |
| Other work | Professor of mathematics, cartographer, founding committee of theInternational Red Cross |
| Signature |  |
Guillaume Henri Dufour (French pronunciation:[ɡijomɑ̃ʁidyfuʁ]; 15 September 1787 – 14 July 1875) was a Swiss military officer,structural engineer andtopographer. He served underNapoleon I and held the Swiss office ofGeneral four times in his career, firstly in 1847 when he led the Swiss Confederation forces to victory against theSonderbund. In 1864 Dufour presided over theFirst Geneva Convention which established theInternational Red Cross. He was founder and president (1838 to 1865) of theSwiss Federal Office of Topography.
Dufour was born on 15 September 1787 inKonstanz,[1] where his parents fromGeneva were living in exile for their involvement in theRevolution of 1782.[2] He was the son of Bénédict Dufour, awatchmaker, and Pernette Valentin.[2] When he was two years old, his parents were allowed to return to Geneva,[2] where Dufour attended school and studied drawing and medicine. In 1807, Dufour travelled toParis to join theÉcole Polytechnique, then a military academy. He studied descriptive geometry underJean Nicolas Pierre Hachette, and graduated fifth in his class in 1809, going on to study military engineering at the École d'Application inMetz.[2]
In 1811, Dufour joined the French Army and was sent to help defendCorfu, in theFrench Ionian Islands, where he mapped the island's old fortifications.[1][3] He was wounded in action in June 1813 during a naval battle against the British.[2] By 1814, he had attained the rank of captain,[3] and was awarded the Cross of theLégion d'Honneur for his work repairing fortifications atLyon. In 1817, he resumed his status as a Swiss citizen, and returned to Geneva to become commander of theCanton of Geneva's military engineers,[2] as well as a professor of mathematics at theAcademy of Geneva. From 1819 to 1830 he was chief instructor in the military school ofThun, which had been founded mainly through his efforts. Among other distinguished foreign pupils he instructedLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of the formerEmperor.[4]
In 1827 he was raised to the rank of colonel, and commanded the Federal army in a series of field manoeuvres. In 1831 he became chief of the staff, and soon afterwards he was appointed quartermaster-general. Two years later theFederal Diet commissioned him to superintend the execution of a completetrigonometrical survey of Switzerland. He had already made acadastral survey of the canton of Geneva, and published a map of the canton on the scale of 1⁄25000. TheTopographic Map of Switzerland in 25 sheets on the scale of 1⁄100000 was published at intervals between 1842 and 1865.[4][1]
In 1847 the Catholic cantons of Switzerland attempted to form a separate alliance of their own, known as theSonderbund, effectively splitting from the rest of the country. The Federal Diet appointed DufourGeneral on 21 October 1847,[2] and he led the federal army of 100,000 and defeated the Sonderbund underJohann-Ulrich von Salis-Soglio in a campaign that lasted only from 3 to 29 November, and claimed fewer than a hundred victims. He ordered his troops to spare the injured. For example, on November 13, 1847, when everything was ready for the offensive, he sent Lieutenant de Cerjat as an emissary to the authorities of the city of Fribourg enjoining them to surrender in order to avoid a deadly battle.[5][6] With his mindful approach in the Sonderbund War, Dufour not only prevented a collapse of the Confederation through intervention by foreign powers, but he also created a basis of reconciliation that enabled the cantons to agree on a common federal state already in 1848. His success, and the moderation with which he treated his vanquished fellow-countrymen, were acknowledged by a gift of 60,000 francs from the Federal Diet and various honours from different cities and cantons of the confederation.[4]
In addition to serving in the position ofGeneral in 1847 due to the Sonderbund War,[2] theFederal Assembly appointed him to the same position in August 1849 due to theBaden Revolution,[7][8] on 27 December 1856 due to theNeuchâtel Crisis,[9] and in 1859 due to theSecond Italian War of Independence.[10]
In 1850 the mountaineer and topographerJohann Coaz served as his private secretary.[11]
In 1863 he was part of a committee withGustave Moynier,Henry Dunant,Louis Appia andThéodore Maunoir that discussed Dunant's ideas for the creation of a voluntary care organization for the assistance of the wounded in battle. Dunant's vision and the committees work ultimately led to the foundation of theInternational Red Cross,[12] presided by Dufour.[13][14] The following year he presided over the international conference which framed theFirst Geneva Convention as to the treatment of the wounded in time of war.[4]
On 16 July 1875, 60,000 persons participated at Dufour's burial atCimetière de Plainpalais in Geneva.
Dufour acted as state engineer from 1817, although he was not officially appointed as such until 1828. His work included rebuilding a pumping station, quays and bridges, and he arranged the first steam boat onLake Geneva as well as the introduction ofgas streetlights.[1]
The scientistMarc-Auguste Pictet had visitedMarc Seguin's temporary wire-cablesimple suspension bridge atAnnonay in 1822, the first wire-cable bridge in the world, and published details in Switzerland. He joined with others to promote a new bridge across the Genevan fortifications, consulting with Seguin on how it might be built, receiving back a series of sketches. Dufour developed the design in late 1822, proposing a two-span suspension bridge using wire cables — this would become the first permanent wire cable suspension bridge in the world. The design used three cables on each side of an iron and timber bridge deck.[1] The cables stretched 131 feet between the towers, although the largest span was only 109 feet.[15]
Memorials are at:
His home from 1845–1875 at Rue de Contamines, Geneva, is preserved by a foundation.[20][21]
Numerous cities and towns in Switzerland have streets named for him:rue du Général-Dufour inGeneva,La Chaux-de-Fonds;via Gen. Henri Dufour inChiasso;rue du Général- Dufour/General-Dufour-Strasse inBiel/Bienne;Dufourstrasse inAarau,Basel,Bern,Biberist,Lenzburg,Luzern,Rorschach,St. Gallen,Thun,Weinfelden,Wettingen,Wil,Zollikon,Zürich;via Dufour inLugano. There is alsoDufourplatz inZollikon.
The general was depicted on the 20 francs note of the1956 series of Swiss banknotes (in circulation 1956–1980).[22]
TheDufourspitze (the highestmountain peak in Switzerland and second of Western Europe) in theMonte Rosa Massif is named after Dufour, to honour his cartographic achievements.[3]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dufour, Wilhelm Heinrich".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 646.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
