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| Hendon Aerodrome | |
|---|---|
| Hendon, northLondon, England | |
 Aerial view,c. 1941–1942 | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Naval air station Royal Air Force station |
| Owner | Air Ministry (1922–1964) Ministry of Defence |
| Controlled by | Grahame-White Aviation Co. Royal Navy Royal Air Force |
| Location | |
 | |
| Coordinates | 51°36′04″N0°14′42″W / 51.601°N 0.245°W /51.601; -0.245 |
| Site history | |
| In use | c. 1908 – 1 April 1987 (1987-04-01) |
| Battles/wars | First World War Second World War |
Hendon Aerodrome was anaerodrome in London, England, that was an important centre foraviation from 1908 to 1968.
It was situated inColindale, seven miles (11 km) north west ofCharing Cross. It nearly became a central hub of civil aviation ("the Charing Cross of [the UK's] international air routes"), but for the actions of the RAF after theFirst World War in reserving it for military aviation. It was known as a place of pioneering experiments including the firstairmail, the first parachute descent from a powered aircraft, the first night flights and the first aerial defence of a city.
Henry Coxwell andJames Glaisher were the first to fly from Hendon in a balloon called the Mammoth in 1862. Ballooning at theBrent Reservoir was a popular spectacle for crowds on bank holidays late in the 19th century. The first powered flight from Hendon was in an 88-foot (27 m) long non-rigid airship built bySpencer Brothers of Highbury. It took off from theWelsh Harp Reservoir in 1909, piloted by Henry Spencer with one passenger, the AustraliansuffragetteMuriel Matters. The first attempt at heavier-than-air flight was by H.P. Martin and G.H. Handasyde, also at Welsh Harp. They constructed a monoplane with four engines in the ballroom of the hotel[clarification needed], but were never able to get airborne.
Inspired byLouis Blériot's flight across the Channel,Everett, Edgecumbe and Co began to experiment with an aircraft to be built at their works at Colindale near Hendon, erecting a small hangar to house it. From 1908 to 1910, their "Grasshopper", as the plane was called, taxied about and left the ground briefly, but failed to get truly airborne, although these attempts attracted quite a crowd.
In 1906, before any powered flight had taken place in Britain, theDaily Mail newspaper had challenged aviators to fly fromLondon to Manchester or vice versa, offering a prize of£10,000. The journey had to be completed within twenty-four hours, with no more than two landings.[1] Aircraft and engine design had improved sufficiently by 1910 to make an attempt to win the prize realistic, and bothClaude Grahame-White and the French aviatorLouis Paulhan prepared for the challenge during April 1910. Grahame-White made two attempts, but it was Paulhan who succeeded. He chose a field on the future aerodrome site as his point of departure. On 27 April he flew 117 miles (188 km) from Hendon toLichfield, easily the longest flight accomplished in the UK at that time. Before dawn on 28 April he took off and reachedBurnage on the outskirts of Manchester after three hours 55 minutes in the air, during a period of just over twelve hours.[2] This was the first true flight from the Hendon site.
Grahame-White created a new company, the Grahame-White Aviation Company, taking control of more than 200 acres (0.81 km2) of Colindale and converting it into what could be recognised as a proper modern airfield. The first occupants wereHoratio Barber's Aeronautical Syndicate Ltd and theBleriot flying school.[3] From 9 to 16 September 1911, the first official UKairmail was flown between Hendon and Windsor as part of the celebrations of the coronation of King George V.[4]
In 1912, the firstAerial Derby started and ended at Hendon. An estimated three million people turned out across London, forming a human ring around the race circuit to see the aviators fly round the metropolis. An estimated two million of these Londoners had never seen an aircraft in flight before.[5] At Hendon Aerodrome at least 45,000 people paid for admission to the enclosures.[6]
These annual events became as important as the Ascot and Epsom races during the London Season. By 1925, 100,000 people were coming to see the display, and it was so popular that there was talk of having to spread it over a few days.[7] The first fatality at Hendon, reported inThe Times in May 1911, was Bernard Benson (aged 23). On 25 May 1911 he fell 100 feet (30 m) from anASL Valkyrie.[8][9]
Several flying schools were located at Hendon, including Grahame-White's, and another established in 1914 by the American aviatorGeorge Beatty, in partnership withHandley Page Ltd. These continued normal operation until late 1916.[10][11] On 11 September 1916,Cicely Ethel Wilkinson qualified as a pilot in aCaudron biplane at theBeatty School at the aerodrome for which she receivedRoyal Aero Club Aviator Certificate number 3522.[12][13] She was possibly the only woman to qualify as a pilot in Britain during theFirst World War.
In November 1916, the War Office commandeered the flying schools, after which the aerodrome trained 490 pilots. Claude Grahame-White and other members of theRoyal Naval Air Service (RNAS) mounted a night defence of London in 1915, constituting the first aerial defence of London.
After the First World War, the first RAF "Pageant" was held at Hendon in 1920,[14] and it soon became a regular event, known from 1925 as the Royal Air Force Display, and in 1938 as theEmpire Air Day.[15][16][17]
The aerodrome was briefly active during theBattle of Britain, but for most of theSecond World War, was mainly used for transport activities, and flying dignitaries to and from London.
RAF Hendon had three crossed runways with magnetic headings of:
QDM 339 – 3975 x 150 feetQDM 280 – 3000 x 150 feetQDM 014 – 3060 x 150 feet[clarification needed]
These runways were removed by 1969.
Production of aeroplanes was one of the features of the aerodrome's activities under Grahame-White. During the First World War production increased rapidly. To facilitate the transportation of the 3,500 workers and materials, theMidland Railway built a spur from the embanked main line with a platform close to the main line and a loop around the airfield to the plant. It had been Claude Grahame-White's conviction that Hendon would become "the Charing Cross of our international air routes", but theAir Ministry took over in 1922, which led to a protracted and ugly legal action lasting until 1925 when Grahame-White left the site.
The use of Hendon as an airfield was under threat even before the Second World War, since it was considered that RAF Hendon would become an obvious target for enemy bombing raids. After the war the airfield was increasingly unsuitable, particularly because therunways were too short, and the proximity of large residential areas made matters worse. The RAF argued for the military importance of the complex into the 1950s, in case future developments in aviation technology might render the base suitable again, but eventuallyHendon Borough Council and the London County Council were able to argue that houses were needed far more than the aerodrome. The last flying unit, the Metropolitan Communication Squadron, left Hendon in November 1957.[18]
The entrance to the aerodrome can be seen in "the parade" scene in the 1967 filmThe Dirty Dozen, with at one point aKirby Cadet glider of the then-resident 617Volunteer Gliding School of theAir Training Corps launching in the background. Late in 1968, when two of the three runways had been removed, aBlackburn Beverley was flown in to be an exhibit at the new RAF Museum: this was the last aircraft to land at Hendon. The RAF station finally closed on 1 April 1987.[19]
The site of the aerodrome is now occupied by theGrahame Park housing estate,Hendon Police College, and theRAF Museum which is situated on the southeast side of the site.
The following squadrons were based at Hendon at various points in the aerodrome's active military service:[20]
Units;
Today, Hendon houses the London branch of theRoyal Air Force Museum which portrays the role of the Royal Air Force in the development of aviation and avionics in the United Kingdom. The museum consists of several buildings containing a range of permanent exhibitions including "Our Finest Hour" in the Battle of Britain Hall which was designed, produced and installed by specialist theme park and museum designers Sarner Ltd,[47] the award-winning "Milestones of Flight" which details the major developments in flight technology from 1903 to 2003, two buildings containing various aircraft and helicopters, and part of the Grahame-White Factory, which contains many examples of original aircraft from the First World War and the early days of aviation.
The museum was officially opened at theColindale (then part ofHendon) London site on 15 November 1972 byQueen Elizabeth II. The hangars housed 36aircraft at opening. Over the years, the collection has increased in size substantially, and aircraft not on display at Hendon were stored or displayed at smaller local RAF station museums. The Battle of Britain Museum (later Hall) was opened byQueen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in November 1978. On 3 October 2016 the Battle of Britain Hall was permanently closed and refurbished.
As of 2012, it had over 100 aircraft, including theAvro LancasterS-Sugar, which flew 137 night sorties.[48][49] It also includes the only completeHawker Typhoon. Added in 2018, as part of the RAF Centenary exhibitions, were aWestland Sea King helicopter (once flown byPrince William, Duke of Cambridge), aGnat jet trainer of theRed Arrows, and a full-scale mock-up of theF-35 Lightning II stealth fighter.[50]
