Hemoptysis orhaemoptysis is the discharge ofblood or blood-stainedmucus through the mouth coming from thebronchi,larynx,trachea, orlungs. It does not necessarily involve coughing. In other words, it is the airway bleeding. This can occur withlung cancer, infections such astuberculosis,bronchitis, orpneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions. Hemoptysis is considered massive at 300 mL (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz). In such cases, there are always severe injuries. The primary danger comes fromchoking, rather thanblood loss.[1]
Blood-laced mucus from the sinus or nose area can sometimes be misidentified as symptomatic of hemoptysis (such secretions can be a sign of nasal orsinus cancer, but also asinus infection). Extensive non-respiratory injury can also cause one to cough up blood. Cardiac causes likecongestive heart failure andmitral stenosis should be ruled out. The origin of blood can be identified by observing its color. Bright-red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract, whereas dark-red, coffee-colored blood comes from thegastrointestinal tract. Sometimes hemoptysis may be rust-colored.[citation needed]
Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.[5][6]
Although there are reports that the fatality rate is as high as 80%, the mortality rate for hospitalized hemoptysis patients is 9.4% (withn=28539), calculated from the data in the article by Kinoshita et al.[27] This is probably the most reasonable figure considering the overwhelming number of cases.[citation needed]
The general definition of massive hemoptysis is more than 200 ml within 24 hours, but there is a wide range in the literature (100–600 ml). Considering that the total volume of the tracheal and bronchial lumen is about 150 cc,[28][29] it may be reasonable to define massive hemoptysis as 200 ml, which is a little more than 150 ml, in terms of setting the threshold for fatal hemoptysis. More than 400ml/day is not adequate for screening purposes.[citation needed]
^"Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis".www.mayoclinic.org. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved3 March 2018.
^Hanson C, Karlsson CA, Kämpe M, Lamberg K, Lindberg E, Boman LM, Stålenheim G (August 2004). Guidelines for treatment of acute lung diseases (Report). Uppsala Academic Hospital.
^Woo S, Yoon CJ, Chung JW, Kang SG, Jae HJ, Kim HC, et al. (November 2013). "Bronchial artery embolization to control hemoptysis: comparison of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol particles".Radiology.269 (2):594–602.doi:10.1148/radiol.13130046.PMID23801773.S2CID21597160.
^Olsen KM, Manouchehr-Pour S, Donnelly EF, Henry TS, Berry MF, Boiselle PM, et al. (May 2020). "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Hemoptysis".Journal of the American College of Radiology.17 (5S):S148 –S159.doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.01.043.PMID32370959.S2CID218520816.
