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Help:IPA/Vietnamese

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Vietnamese on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Vietnamese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Vietnamese

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsVietnamese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

There are two major standards: one ofHanoi and one ofHo Chi Minh City. Each makes distinctions that the other does not; neither standard is preferred over the other at Wikipedia. Thecentral dialects, which make the distinctions of both, are generally represented in articles here, except if a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant.

SeeVietnamese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Vietnamese.

Initialconsonants
HCSExamplesEnglish approximation
ʔanh [ʔɐjn](unwritten, occurs before initial vowels)uh-oh; informalBritish button
ɓbabee with a gulp
ɗđiday with a gulp
fphfight,photo
ɣga;ghếSpanish:amigo
hhànghigh
kcô,kem[1]scan,kid
wquanhquick (Northern dialect)
wow (Southern dialect)
xkhôloch (Northern dialect)
cat (Southern dialect)
llàlow
mmaimy
nnamno
ɲnhàcanyon

Spanish:señorita,Portuguese:nhoque

ŋngâm;nghesinger
ppin[2]sport
ssxaso
ʂsáushow, but with tongue curled
ttâystop
thầytop, get him
t͡ɕ ~ct͡ɕ ~cchèchange
ʈ ~ʈ͡ʂtratrend, but with tongue curled
vjv[3]victory
z/ʑ/ʝjgià,giếtyes
zda,danhzero
rra,rồisimilar tored; variably pronounced as a fricative, flap or trill
Medialglide
ʷoanh; quốc;Nguyễn, tuy[4]quick
Finalconsonants
ji, tay[5][6], tui[7]boy
mthêmpom
nŋbanpin
ŋtrứnglong
nnn,n (afteri,ê)[8]hen
ŋ̟nh[8][5]onion(various pronunciations)
nŋmbốn[9], bún (afteru,ô)pen
ŋmchúng (afteru,ô,o)[10]like long, but with an 'm' after the 'ng'
tiếpclasp, but thep almost-pronounced (lip closed)
tkxuấtpit
kácpick
ttchít (afteri,ê)[8]hit
ch[8][5]technical(various pronunciations)
tkpmột (afteru,ô)cut
kphọc (afteru,ô,o)[10]backpack
wtao, triệu[10],đauhow
Monophthongs
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
aăn, may; cauRP cut
ba, mai, caofather (Australian English)
ev, câyday, said (monophthongal)
ɛːxefairy
ɤ̆ orʌânbalance
ɤbơRP hurt
ikhi; tuy[4]seat
ɯtưsimilar to glasses; Russian ты
ocô, sâustory
ɔːcó, xông[11]off
uru, tui[7]rule
Diphthongs
vn, biabeer
ɯəxương, chưa
uống, muainfluence
Tones
IPAVietnamese nameDescriptionDiacritical markExamplesHanoiHueSaigon
āə̄thanh ngangmid levelno marka[˧][˧˥][˧]
àə̀thanh huyềnlow falling (breathy)grave accentà[˨˩][˧][˨˩]
ǎə̌thanh sắcmid rising, tenseacute accentá,ấc[12][˧˥][˩˧̰][˧˥]
âə̂thanh hỏimid falling(-rising), emphasishook above[13][˧˩][˧˩˨][˧˩˧]
ǎˀə̌ˀthanh ngãmid rising, glottalizedtildeã[˧ˀ˥][˧˩˨][˧˩˧]
âˀə̂ˀthanh nặngmid falling, glottalized, heavydot belowạ, ậc[12][˧ˀ˩][˨̰][˨˧]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^[k] as "qu" appears only in northern and central dialects.
  2. ^[p] appears only in loanwords, and is often replaced by[ɓ].
  3. ^[v] may be used as aspelling pronunciation in southern dialects.
  4. ^abRead as [tʷi], not confuse with "tui" that is read as [tuj]
  5. ^abcIn northern dialects, when the velar finals/k,ŋ/ follow thefront vowels/i,e,ɛ/, the consonant becomes pre-velar[k̟,ŋ̟], and the vowels/e,ɛ/ become[əj,aj].
  6. ^"ai"read as [aːj]; "ay"read as [aj]
  7. ^abRead as [tuj], not confuse with "tuy" that is read as [tʷi]
  8. ^abcdIn southern dialects, the vowels/i,e,ɛ/ become[ɨ,ə,a] before the alveolar consonants[t,n].
  9. ^bốn /oːŋ͡m/ vs. bống /ăwŋ͡m/ in Saigon Vietnamese
  10. ^abcIn most dialects, when the velar finals/k,ŋ/ follow theround vowels/u,o,ɔ/, the consonant is stronglylabialized[kʷ,ŋʷ] ordoubly-articulated[k͡p,ŋ͡m], and the vowels/o,ɔ/ become[əw,aw].
  11. ^[ɔ] appears only in loanwords, and is often replaced by[ɔː].
  12. ^abBefore a final /p, t, k/, the six tones of Vietnamese are reduced to two.
  13. ^In isolation, this can be a dipping tone. The usual IPA diacritic for dipping tone is[a᷉ə᷉], which differs from thenasalization mark[˜] only in being angular in shape, and is not widely supported by fonts.

See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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