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Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Scottish Gaelic on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Scottish Gaelic in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Scottish Gaelic

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsScottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeScottish Gaelic phonology andScottish Gaelic orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic.

Consonants[1]
BroadSlenderEnglish approximations
IPAExamplesIPAExamples
f[2]fad,fead,pholl,pheannfade
ɣdhà, deireadh,ghaol, draghʝdh'iarr,dh'innis,gheall,ghinSpanish luego;yard (but stronger)
h[2]thonn,thig,shùil,sheòlhaste
jeala, beò, theàrn,iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidhyard
kgaol, beagan, caileag, amharckʲgille, fairrge, thig, chunnaicscat; askew
kʰ[3]còtakʲʰ[3]cìrcup;cure
l̪ˠlàmh, balla, geallmoleaba, cliathaich, baile, fuilhealth;lice
ʎleaba, slige, gillehealth; scallion
m[2]mac,mic, lampa, ìmmain
n̪ˠnàire, snàmh, clannɲnighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròintenth; onion
nmonàire, anail, beantenth;nice
ŋlongŋʲaingealthink; angular
p[2]ball, nàbuidh, abair, corpspace
pʰ[2][3]peann,pollpain
rˠrud,riochd, oirre, orraSpanishrojo
ɾdàrud, moriochd, crann, fearɾʲcridhe, fircrane; creed (bothScotland);American atom
s̪solas,speal,sgeulachdʃseòl,stiùir,slighe,snìomhsoot;shade
t̪dall, fada, ad, falttʲdìleas, maide, thèid, fuiltstock; stew (RP)
t̪ʰ[3]tanatʲʰ[3]tìrtide;tune (RP)
v[2]bhean, sàibh,mhàthair, deimhinn, làmhveil
xchòta, balachçchì, balaichloch (Scotland);huge
Monophthongs
ShortLongEnglish approximations
IPAExamplesIPAExamples
amac, glaineaːlàmh,àite, geàrrrat; rather (bothScotland)
eteth, fead, cheileːglè, chèile, beudhit; hay (bothScotland)
ɛfear,eachɛːcnàimh, sèimhlet; flare (RP)
ə[4]fada, baileviva
imise, fiosiːìseal, pìobaire, cinnreef
ɪ[4]uilig, capaillhit
otobar, bodharoːbò, còigstory
ɔcnoc, sgoil, deochɔːbròn, mòine, ceòl, còrrdog
uugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuchuːcùl, sùil, diombach, tiùrr, cunntaspull; rule
ɯduine,uisgeɯːcraobh,aoisgood; roof
ɤdragh, coireɤːfadhlachago; blur (bothRP)
Diphthongs
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
aiclaidheamh, chaill, cainntprice
auamharc,abhainn, ball, gannloud
eiseinn, beinn, peinnseanmain
ɛuseall, theann, dreamSpanisheuro
iaNiall, pian, feur, beulhe and she
iəfiacail,iasg, ceud, deug, sìos, fìonidea
ɔutoll, tonn, comgoal
uauamhasach, suaineadh,uaineyou and me
uəfuar,uair, buaidhbluer
ɯichraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinntwo years
ɤimaighdean, greim, coibhneil,oighre, coilltean, broinnbite (Scotland)
Suprasegmentals
IPAExampleExplanation
ˈuinneag[ˈɯɲak]primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
.naidheachd[ˈn̪ˠɛ.əxk]syllable break
◌̃samhradh[ˈs̪ãũɾəɣ]nasal vowel

Varying IPA conventions

[edit]

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly those used inCeltic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, the source uses the same symbol as above.

Borgstrøm (1937)[5]
(Barra)		Borgstrøm (1940)[6]
(Outer Hebrides)		Oftedal (1956)[7]
(Lewis)		Ó Murchú (1989)[8]
(East Perthshire)		Cox (2002)[9]
(Lewis)		Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10]
(over-regional)		Black (2006)[11]
(over-regional)		Klevenhaus (2009)[12]
Bauer (2011)[13]
(both over-regional)
ççç′çx′çççç
ʝjj′ǰɣ′ʝjjʝ
kg̊, kg̬, kgɡggg,[14] k[15]g
kʲg̊′, k′g̬′, k′ǵɡ′g̭'gʲgʲ,[14] kʲ[15]gʲ
kʰkʽkʽkkkkkk
kʲʰk′ʽk′ʽḱk′k′kʲkʲkʲ
l̪ˠLLLɬLɫ̪LL
ʎL′L′L′—L′ʎLʲLʲ
ll′l′llllll
n̪ˠNNN—Nᵰ̪NN
ɲN′N′N′—N′ɲNʲNʲ
pb̥, pb̬, pbbbbb,[14] p[15]b
pʰpʽpʽpppppp
rˠRR, ṚR—RᵲRR
ɾrrrrrrrr
ɾʲr′r′, ð′ð—ðrʲrʲrʲ
s̪ssssssss
ʃʃʃʃšʃʃʃʃ
t̪d̥, td̬, tdddd̪d,[14] t[15]d
tʲd̥′ž, d̥′, t′d̬′ž, d̬′, t′d′ǰd′dʲdʲ,[14] tʲ[15]dʲ
t̪ʰtʽtʽtttt̪tt
tʲʰtʽ′ʃ, tʽ′tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′t′čt′tʲtʲtʲ
ɯʎʎɯɯɯɯʎɯ
ɤøøəɤɤɤəɤ
ɛɛ, æɛ, æɛɛɛɛɛɛ
aaaaɑaaaa

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Scottish Gaelic contrasts betweenvelarized ("broad") andpalatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of thetongue raised toward thevelum, which happens to the/l/ in Englishpill in some accents likeRP andGeneral American and in all positions inScottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward thehard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound inyes. InScottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
  2. ^abcdefNeither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide/j/.
  3. ^abcdeIn initial position, theaspirated stops/kʰ,kʲʰ,pʰ,t̪ʰ,tʲʰ/ are postaspirated[kʰ,kʲʰ,pʰ,t̪ʰ,tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they arepreaspirated[xk,çkʲ,hp,ht̪,htʲ].
  4. ^ab[ə] and[ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
  5. ^Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides".Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap.8:71–242.
  6. ^Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1940).The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  7. ^Oftedal, Magne (1956).The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  8. ^Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1989).East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
  9. ^Cox, Richard A. V. (2002).The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
  10. ^Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2008).Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn.ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
  11. ^Black, Ronald (2006).Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh.ISBN 0906981336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^Klevenhaus, Michael (2009).Lehrbuch der schottisch-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske.ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
  13. ^Bauer, Michael (2011).Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz.ISBN 978-1907165009.
  14. ^abcdeWord-initial.
  15. ^abcdeMedial or final.

See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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