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Help:IPA/Sanskrit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Sanskrit on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Sanskrit in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Sanskrit
This page containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsVedic andClassical Sanskrit andPali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA, andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Seeshiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

[edit]
Consonants
IPA[1]Nagari[1]IAST[1][2]English approximation
bबbabout
bʱभbhclubhouse
ɕशśsheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
dदdwidth
dʱधdhredhead (butdental)
dʑजjjuice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
dʑʱझjhhedgehog
ɖडḍAmerican bird
ɖʱढḍhAmerican birdhouse
ɡगgagain
ɡʱघghloghouse
ɦहhahead
jयyyak
kकkskin
kʰखkhkin
lलlleaf
mमmmuch
nनntenth
ɲञñcanyon[3]
ɳणṇAmerican burn[3]
ŋङṅsting[3]
pपpspan
pʰफphpan
r[4]रrIndianroti
sसssoup
ʂषṣAmerican worship
tतtstable
tʰथthtable (but dental)
ʈटṭstable
ʈʰठṭhtable
tɕचcriches, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
tɕʰछchchew
ʋवvbetweenwine andvine
Vowels[3][5]
IPANagariIAST[2]English approximation
ɐअ,पacomma
aːआ,पाābra
iइ,पिisit
iːई,पीīfeet
uउ,पुufull
uːऊ,पूūfool
eːए,पेeScottish wait
ɐːi̯[6]ऐ,पैaihi
oːओ,पोostory
ɐːu̯[7]औ,पौauhow
Syllabic Consonants
r̩[8]ऋ,पृṛPossibly like bird
r̩ː[9]ॠ,पॄṝlonger ṛ
l̩[10]ऌ, पॢḷbottle
Vowel Diacritics
◌̃ँ◌̃/m̐nasal vowel[ɐ̃],[ãː],[õː], etc.)[3]
hः[11]ḥhead


Suprasegmentals
IPANagariIAST[2]English equivalent
ˈ◌stress[12]
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcDevanagari consonant letters such asक have theinherent vowelअa. Thus,क is pronouncedka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonantk only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^abc Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. ^abcdeVowels may occurnasalised as anallophone of thenasal consonants in certain positions: seeanusvara andchandrabindu.
  4. ^/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
  5. ^Sanskrit distinguishes betweenlong and short vowels. Eachmonophthong has a long and short phoneme. Thediphthongs, historically/əi,aːi,əu,aːu/, also have a difference inquality:[e,ei,o,ou]. Rarely, vowels may beextra-long.
  6. ^[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
  7. ^[au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
  8. ^[ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
  9. ^[ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
  10. ^[lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
  11. ^Visarga, added after a vowel.
  12. ^InClassical Sanskrit, stress was predictable bysyllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed ifheavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable.Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed anunpredictable pitch accent.

References

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See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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