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Help:IPA/Punjabi

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<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Punjabi
This page containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
This page contains the Shahmukhi characterlam with tah above. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsPunjabi, specificallyStandard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeePunjabi phonology,Gurmukhi, andShahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants
IPAExamplesEnglish Approximation
GurmukhiShahmukhiISO 15919
bਬੂਹਾ
ਸਭ		بوہا
سَبھ		būhā
sabh		butter
dਦਿੱਤਾدِتّاdittāduck[1]

then

d͡ʒਜਦੋਂ
ਮਾਝ		جدوں
ماجھ		jadõ
mājh		jug
ɖਡੰਗਰ
ਕੱਢ		ڈَنگر
کڈھ		ḍaṅgar
kaḍḍh		guard[1]

(Rhotic dialects)

ɡਗੱਡੀگڈّیgaḍḍīgut
ɦਹਾਏہائےhāēahead
j[a]ਯਾਰੀیاریyārīyuck
kਕਿੱਥੇ
ਘਰ		کِتّھے
گھر		kitthē
ghar		scab
kʰ[b]ਖੰਡکھنڈkhaṇḍcab
lਉਲਾਂਭਾالانبھاulāṉbhāleaf
ɭ[c]ਰੌਲ਼ਾرَولؕاrauḷāgarlic

(Rhotic dialects)

mਮਸੀਤمسِیتmasītmuch
nਨੂੰਹنُونہہnū̃hpanther
ɳ[c]ਸੋਹਣਾسوہݨاsōhṇāburn
ɲਉਂਜاُنجuñjcanyon
ŋਕੰਗਣکنگݨkaṅgaṇbang
pਪਰ
ਭਰਿਆ		پَر
بھریا		par
bhariyā		spot
pʰ[b]ਫੁੱਲپُھلّ‎phullpot
ɾ[d]ਵਾਰੀواریwārīAmerican atom
ɽਕੂੜکُوڑkūṛgarter(Rhotic dialects)
sਸਾਡਾساڈاsāḍāsun
tਤਿੱਲੜ
ਧੀ		تِلّڑ
دھی		tillaṛ
dhī		stub but dental[1]

think

tʰਓਥੇاوتھےothētub but dental[1]
t͡ʃਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ
ਝੂਠ		چڑھدا
جُھوٹھ		caṛhdā
jhūṭh		catch
t͡ʃʰ[b]ਛੱਡچھڈّ‎chaḍḍchoose
ʈਸੱਟ
ਢੀਠ		سٹّ
ڈِھیٹھ		saṭṭa
ḍhīṭh		carts[1]
ʈʰਕਾਠکاٹھkāṭhAmerican partake[1]
ʋ[e]ਵਹੁਟੀوَوہٹیvauhṭīvat[2]
Marginal consonants
f[f][b]ਫ਼ੇਰفیرfērfuss
ɣ[f]ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼کاغَذkāġazsimilar to a Frenchr
q[f]ਕ਼ਲਮقلَمqalamsomewhat likecaught
r[d]ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰمُقرّرmuqarrartrilled r, like inCastillian Spanish
ʃ[f][g]ਹੋਸ਼ہوشhōśshoe
x[f][b]ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸخالِصk͟hālisScottish Loch
z[f]ਹਜ਼ਾਰہزارhazārzoo
ʒ[f][h]ਅਝ਼ਦਹਾاژدہاaždahāfusion
Vowels
IPAExamplesEnglish Approximation
GurmukhiShahmukhiISO 15919
əਕਮکمkamabout
aːਨਾਲنالnāḷfather
eਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂواہِگروwāhigurusay (shortened ē)
eːਜੇਬجیبjēbsay
ɛਰਹਿੰਦਾرہنداrahandāpen[4]
ɛːਪੈਂਦਾپَینداpaindafairy
ɪਇਮਲੀاِملیimlīsit
iːਈਖاِیکھīkhseat
iਕੀਤੀکیتیkītīhappy[4][5]
oਉਹਨਾਂاوہناںuhnā̃story (short)[4][6][4]
oːਕਰੋੜکروڑkarōṛstory (long)
ɔਔਖਾاَوکھاaukhāoff (short)[4]
ɔːਕੌਣکَوݨkauṇoff (long) (General American)
ʊਤੁਕتُکtukfoot
uːਸੂਤسُوتsūtcool (short)[5]
uਦੂਜਾدُوجاdūjācool (short)[4]
◌̃ਬਾਂਸبان٘سbām̐snasal vowel faun
([ãː,õː], etc.)
ਮੈਂمیںmaiṁ
Suprasegmentals
IPAExampleNotes
ˈ◌[pəɲˈd͡ʒaːb]stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː[ˈkəʈːaː]doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)
á,é, ...ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾکوڑھاkoṛhā'leper'rising or hightone
à,è, ...ਘੋੜਾگھوڑاghoṛā'horse'falling or lowtone

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefPunjabi contrast dental[t] and[d] with apical postalveolar[ʈ] and[ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like/t/ and/d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English/θ/ and/ð/ for some speakers withth-stopping.
  2. ^[w] occurs as an allophone of[ʋ] when /वو/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while[ʋ], which may phonetically be[v], occurs otherwise.
  3. ^Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016).Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390.ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5.Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words withk instead ofq.
  4. ^abcdefLong vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
  5. ^ab/iː/ and/uː/ are neutralised to [i,u] at the end of a word.
  6. ^InGurmukhi,ih anduh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
  1. ^In some dialects, word-initial andintervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words).
  2. ^abcdeIn some dialects, the voiceless aspirates /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /kʰ/ shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
  3. ^abOften considered an allophone ofl andn in theShahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
  4. ^ab/ɾ/ can surface as either a tap [ɾ] or trill [r].
  5. ^In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
  6. ^abcdefgNot considered a native sound (nor a native letter inGurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with theNuqta - unlikeShahmukhi, for which the original letters fromPersian (derived from theArabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.[3]In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /ɡ/; /f/ with /pʰ/; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with /kʰ/; and /z,ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/.In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g.phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ /فیرfer,supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ /سُفناsufnā,rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ /راخشrāk͟haś.
  7. ^/ʃ/ is considered a native sound inLahnda dialects and WesternMajhi, used in words likeśī̃h which otherwise would becomesī̃h.
  8. ^The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially inIndia asGurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.

See also

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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