Notes

1. ^^abcdeClusters of/r/ andlaminal consonants/rd/,/rn/,/rs/,/rt/ produceretroflex realizations in a recursivesandhi process:[ɖ],[ɳ],[ʂ],[ʈ].
2. ^^abIn contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical/l/ and laminal/l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical/rl/ and the simple/l/ when not preceded by/ɑː/ or/oː/. The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar[l]. Only the laminal[l̻] occurs after/t,d/ (in this guide transcribed the same as[l]) and after/ɑ/ and/ɔ/. After/ɑː/ and/oː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized[ɫ̻] (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels butnot after the central/ə/ (Kristoffersen 2000:25).
3. ^^abWhen a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than/ə/) in a compound or derived word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and/l/ (as inHordaland[ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn]^ⓘ orsmålig), the lateral is clear[l] regardless of the preceding vowel.
4. ^/ɽ/ often alternates with/l/ (sometimes with/r/), but there is a small number of words in which only/ɽ/ occurs (Kristoffersen 2000:24, 90).
5. ^This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.
6. ^Stressed short vowels usually trigger thegemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.
7. ^^abThe rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.
8. ^^{abcdefghijklmn}[ɔ,oː,œ,øː,ʏ,yː,ɔʏ,œʏ] areprotruded vowels, while[ʉ,ʉː,ʊ,uː] (including the[ʉ] element in[æʉ] and[ʉɪ]) arecompressed.
9. ^^abcdThe distinction between compressed[ʉ] and protruded[y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
   • Norwegian compressed[ʉ] sounds very close to manyGerman speakers' compressed[ʏ] (as inmüssen[ˈmʏsn̩]^ⓘ).
   • Norwegian protruded[ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded[ɪ] (as inhit) than to German compressed[ʏ], and it is very close toSwedish protruded[ʏ] (as insyll[sʏlː]^ⓘ).
   Similarly,
   • Norwegian compressed[ʉː] sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed[yː].
   • Norwegian protruded[yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded[iː] (as inleave) than to German compressed[yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded[yː] (as insyl[syːl]^ⓘ).
10. ^^abThese dialects includeReceived Pronunciation and most forms ofEnglish English (with some exceptions such asYorkshire English),Australian English,New Zealand English,Scottish English,Ulster English,Southern American English,Midland American English,Philadelphia-Baltimore English,Western Pennsylvania English andCalifornia English. Other dialects of English, such asGeneral American and most other forms ofAmerican English,Welsh English andRepublic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
11. ^[ɛɪ] appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have[ɛɪ] in their diphthong inventory replace it with[æɪ] (Kristoffersen 2000:19).
12. ^[ʉɪ] appears only in the wordhui (Kristoffersen 2000:19).

References

• Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969),Norsk uttaleordbok (in Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)
• Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000),The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
• Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997],Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag,ISBN 3-926972-54-8
• Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996],Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (in Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS,ISBN 82-456-0178-0
• Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN 82-990584-0-6
• Vanvik, Arne (1985),Norsk uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN 978-8299058414

See also

External links

• "Lexin". Uni Research Computing.
• "Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter" (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.